Genetics
- Monohybrid cross (Aa × Aa)
- genotypes 1 : 2 : 1, phenotypes 3 : 1
- Dihybrid cross
- phenotypes 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
- Hardy–Weinberg
- p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1
- Independent genes
- multiply the probabilities
Biology: Genetics and Cell Biology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Formulas and methods
2Practice problems
1.GeneticsMedium
Tall (A) is dominant over short (a), and round seeds (B) over wrinkled (b). The genes are on different chromosomes. For the cross AaBb × aabb, what is the probability P that an offspring is tall, wrinkled seeds?
AaBb × aabb
P =
2.GeneticsHard
Two AaBb parents are crossed. Gene A gives black fur (dominant) or white fur; gene B gives round seeds (dominant) or wrinkled seeds. Click the one cell for an offspring that is homozygous for black fur and shows wrinkled seeds.
AaBb × AaBb
- 1AB × aB
- 2AB × Ab
- 3AB × ab
- 4AB × AB
- 5Ab × aB
- 6Ab × Ab
- 7Ab × ab
- 8Ab × AB
- 9ab × aB
- 10ab × Ab
- 11ab × ab
- 12ab × AB
- 13aB × aB
- 14aB × Ab
- 15aB × ab
- 16aB × AB
3.Cell biologyMedium
What separates during anaphase I of meiosis?
- AHomologous chromosomes
- BSister chromatids
- CCentromeres of each chromatid
- DWhole nuclei
4.Cell biologyHard
With 23 chromosome pairs, how many different chromosome combinations can independent assortment alone produce in human gametes?
- A46
- B2 × 23
- C2²³ (about 8 million)
- D23²
3Solutions
1.Genetics
Answer: P = 0.25
Mendelian genetics: each parent passes on one allele of each gene, chosen at random. A Punnett square lists every combination of gametes, each equally likely. A dominant allele (capital letter) shows whenever it is present; a recessive one only in the homozygous form. Genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, so their probabilities multiply.
Each gene on its own
P(tall) = 0.5
P(wrinkled seeds) = 0.5
Multiply
P = 0.5·0.5 = 0.25
Answer
P = 0.25
2.Genetics
Answer: Ab × Ab
Punnett square: one parent's gametes run along the top, the other's down the side. Each cell joins the gamete above it with the gamete beside it, and every cell is equally likely. A recessive trait only shows when both alleles are recessive; for an X-linked trait, sons get their only X from the mother.
Genotype asked for
AAbb
Gametes
A homozygous genotype needs the same gamete from both parents, so only one cell in the 16 fits.
Ab × Ab = AAbb
Answer
Cell Ab × Ab → AAbb
3.Cell biology
Answer: A · Homologous chromosomes
Why this is the answer
In anaphase I, homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles, halving the chromosome number. Sister chromatids separate in anaphase II.
Answer
A · Homologous chromosomes
4.Cell biology
Answer: C · 2²³ (about 8 million)
Why this is the answer
Each of the 23 pairs can orient two ways, giving 2²³ ≈ 8.4 million combinations, even before crossing over adds more variation.
Answer
C · 2²³ (about 8 million)
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