Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Find the limit L = limx→∞ (1 − 2/x)3x. Give a decimal value.
Find the limit L = limx→0 (1 − cos 5x)/(2x²), with x in radians.
Let f(x) = x·sin(3x), with x in radians. Find f′(2).
Let f(x) = x3 + 7.5x2 + 12x + 2. Find the x-coordinate x of the local minimum.
An open box (no lid) with a square base must hold 500 cm³. Use the least possible material, that is the smallest area of the base plus the four sides. Find the height h.
A theatre sells 1750 tickets per show at €20 each. Market research shows that every €1 increase in the ticket price means 50 fewer tickets sold (and every €1 decrease, 50 more). Find the ticket price p that maximises revenue.
Evaluate I = ∫₁2 x·ln x dx.
The region between the line y = 2x and the parabola y = 2x² is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume V of the solid.
Answer: L = 0.002479
Limits: first try direct substitution. If it gives 0/0, simplify first: factor and cancel the common factor, or multiply by the conjugate. As x → ∞, divide numerator and denominator by the highest power of x. L'Hôpital's rule: if f/g gives 0/0 or ∞/∞, then lim f/g = lim f′/g′, differentiating the numerator and the denominator separately (not with the quotient rule).
ln(1 + u)/u → 1 as u → 0, so x·ln(1 + a/x) → a.
Answer: L = 6.25
Limits: first try direct substitution. If it gives 0/0, simplify first: factor and cancel the common factor, or multiply by the conjugate. As x → ∞, divide numerator and denominator by the highest power of x. L'Hôpital's rule: if f/g gives 0/0 or ∞/∞, then lim f/g = lim f′/g′, differentiating the numerator and the denominator separately (not with the quotient rule).
Answer: f′(2) = 5.482
Differentiation: the derivative f′(x) is the slope of the graph at x. Power rule: (xⁿ)′ = n·xⁿ⁻¹. Product rule: (uv)′ = u′v + uv′. Chain rule: (f(g(x)))′ = f′(g(x))·g′(x). Where f′(x) = 0 the graph has a horizontal tangent: a maximum, minimum or saddle point.
Answer: x = −1
Differentiation: the derivative f′(x) is the slope of the graph at x. Power rule: (xⁿ)′ = n·xⁿ⁻¹. Product rule: (uv)′ = u′v + uv′. Chain rule: (f(g(x)))′ = f′(g(x))·g′(x). Where f′(x) = 0 the graph has a horizontal tangent: a maximum, minimum or saddle point.
f″(x) = 6x + 15: negative at a maximum, positive at a minimum.
Answer: h = 5 cm
Optimization: write the quantity to optimise as a function of one variable, using the constraint to eliminate the other. Set the derivative to zero and solve. Check that the critical point is a maximum or minimum (second derivative or sign change of the first derivative) and that it lies inside the allowed range; an endpoint such as a zero side length is not the answer.
S″(x) = 2 + 4000/x³ > 0, so this is a minimum.
The best open box is half as tall as it is wide.
Answer: p = 27.5 €
Optimization: write the quantity to optimise as a function of one variable, using the constraint to eliminate the other. Set the derivative to zero and solve. Check that the critical point is a maximum or minimum (second derivative or sign change of the first derivative) and that it lies inside the allowed range; an endpoint such as a zero side length is not the answer.
R″(p) = −100 < 0, so this is a maximum.
Answer: I = 0.6363
Integration by parts: ∫u·dv = u·v − ∫v·du, from the product rule. Choose u as the factor that gets simpler when you differentiate it (a power of x, or ln x), and dv as the factor you can integrate (eˣ, sin x, cos x, or x when u = ln x). For a definite integral, evaluate u·v at both limits: ∫ₐᵇ u dv = [u·v]ₐᵇ − ∫ₐᵇ v du. A factor x² needs two rounds.
Answer: V = 1.676
Volumes of revolution: rotating the region under y = f(x) from x = a to x = b about the x-axis makes a solid whose cross-section at x is a disc of radius f(x). Adding the discs gives V = π∫ₐᵇ f(x)² dx. When the region lies between an outer curve R(x) and an inner curve r(x), each slice is a washer: V = π∫ₐᵇ (R(x)² − r(x)²) dx. Square the radii before you subtract them.
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