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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
With aging, which kind of sounds are often the first to become hard to hear?
AHigh-pitched sounds
BLow-pitched sounds
CThe person's own voice
DLoud sounds
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident has had several watery stools today. Besides reporting this to the nurse, what should the nursing assistant do?
ALeave her in the soiled brief until the next round
BGive prompt perineal care, record stools and offer fluids
CHold all fluids so that the stools become less watery
DGive her an anti-diarrhea tablet from the nurse's cart
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 13:00 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
13:00
11:00 PM
21:00 AM
33:00 PM
412:00 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 2½ tsp of cough syrup, 1½ tbsp of liquid supplement, 4 fl oz of juice, 1 cup of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · High-pitched sounds
Why this is the answer
Age-related hearing loss usually affects high-pitched sounds first. Speaking clearly, in a lower pitch and facing the resident helps more than shouting.
Answer
A · High-pitched sounds
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Give prompt perineal care, record stools and offer fluids
Why this is the answer
Diarrhea can quickly cause dehydration and skin breakdown. The nursing assistant gives prompt perineal care, uses gloves and good hand hygiene, records the number and appearance of stools and offers fluids unless restricted.
Answer
B · Give prompt perineal care, record stools and offer fluids
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 1:00 PM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
13 − 12 = 1 → PM
Answer
1:00 PM
Answer
1:00 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 395 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
2½ tsp = 2.5·5 = 12.5 mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
4 fl oz = 4·30 = 120 mL
1 cup = 1·240 = 240 mL
Add
V = 12.5 + 22.5 + 120 + 240 = 395 mL
Answer
V = 395 mL
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