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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Why should the bottom sheets of a bed be kept tight and free of wrinkles?
AWrinkled sheets make the resident feel colder
BWrinkles rub and press on skin, causing pressure injuries
CWrinkles make the bed look untidy to visitors and inspectors
DTight sheets keep the mattress from moving
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
After a fall, a resident has severe hip pain, and one leg looks shorter and turned outward. What should the nursing assistant do?
AStraighten the leg to make her comfortable
BLift her into bed with another nursing assistant so she is comfortable
CHelp her stand to see if she can walk
DKeep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A weight conversion gives 138.0786 kg. The rule in this exercise is that weights are rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. What value x do you record?
138.0786 kg
x = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A prescription reads 1 tsp of an oral suspension every 6 hours for 10 days. Using 1 tsp = 5 mL, how many mL V are needed for the whole course?
1 tspevery 6 hours10 days1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Wrinkles rub and press on skin, causing pressure injuries
Why this is the answer
Wrinkles create pressure and friction on the skin, especially over bony areas, which can lead to skin breakdown. Linens are kept clean, dry and smooth.
Answer
B · Wrinkles rub and press on skin, causing pressure injuries
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Keep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
Why this is the answer
A shortened, outwardly rotated leg with hip pain suggests a hip fracture. Moving the resident can cause more injury, so she is kept still and comfortable while the nurse assesses her.
Answer
D · Keep her still, do not move her and call the nurse right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 138.1 kg
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
138.0786 → 0
Only the next digit decides
138.0786 → 7
7 is 5 or more, so round 0 up.
The digits after it (86) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 138.1 kg
Answer
x = 138.1 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 200 mL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume per dose
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
Whole course
V = 5 mL × 4/day × 10 = 200 mL
Answer
V = 200 mL
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