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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which signs may point to dehydration?
AMoist skin and swelling of the feet and ankles
BDark, strong-smelling urine and a dry mouth
CSudden weight gain over one day
DLarge amounts of pale urine
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A nursing assistant is assigned to a resident on airborne precautions but has never been fit-tested for an N95 respirator. What should the nursing assistant do?
AWear a surgical mask instead and keep the visit short
BTell the nurse before entering the room
CWear two surgical masks, one over the other, for extra protection
DEnter without a mask if the care takes less than 5 minutes
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 37.4 °C. Convert it to degrees Fahrenheit T with °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Round to one decimal place.
37.4 °C
T = °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A serum creatinine result is 1.3 mg/dL. Using 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L for creatinine, find c in µmol/L to the nearest whole number.
1.3 mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = µmol/L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Dark, strong-smelling urine and a dry mouth
Why this is the answer
Signs of dehydration include dark, concentrated urine, low urine output, dry mouth and lips, thirst, confusion and dizziness. Older adults often feel less thirsty, so fluids are offered regularly.
Answer
B · Dark, strong-smelling urine and a dry mouth
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Tell the nurse before entering the room
Why this is the answer
An N95 respirator protects only when it fits and seals, so workers must be fit-tested before using one. Surgical masks, even doubled, do not filter airborne particles well enough. The nursing assistant tells the nurse before entering the room.
Answer
B · Tell the nurse before entering the room
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 99.3 °F
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Multiply by 9/5
37.4·9/5 = 67.32
Add 32
T = 67.32 + 32 = 99.32 ≈ 99.3 °F
Answer
T = 99.3 °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 115 µmol/L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 1.3·88.4 = 114.9 ≈ 115 µmol/L
Answer
c = 115 µmol/L
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