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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident with dementia keeps walking toward the exit door. What is the best approach?
AWalk with the resident and gently redirect them
BFirmly tell the resident that leaving is not allowed
CLock the resident in their room for the rest of the shift
DTie the resident into a chair until they calm down
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident makes sexual comments and touches the nursing assistant's arm in an inappropriate way. What should the nursing assistant do?
ASlap his hand away and shout at him
BLaugh along so that the resident does not feel embarrassed
CCalmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
DRefuse to care for him ever again without telling anyone
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A weight conversion gives 49.0282 kg. The rule in this exercise is that weights are rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. What value x do you record?
49.0282 kg
x = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 2 fl oz of juice, ¾ cup of tea, 1 tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Walk with the resident and gently redirect them
Why this is the answer
Walking alongside the resident, staying calm and redirecting to a safe activity respects their dignity and keeps them safe. Restraint without an order and locking a resident in a room are abuse. Report wandering so the care team can plan for it.
Answer
A · Walk with the resident and gently redirect them
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Calmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
The nursing assistant stays calm, sets a clear limit and reports the behavior. It may be caused by illness such as dementia, and the team can plan a response that protects both staff and resident.
Answer
C · Calmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 49 kg
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
49.0282 → 0
Only the next digit decides
49.0282 → 2
2 is 4 or less, so 0 stays.
The digits after it (82) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 49 kg
Answer
x = 49 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 245 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
2 fl oz = 2·30 = 60 mL
¾ cup = 0.75·240 = 180 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
Add
V = 60 + 180 + 5 = 245 mL
Answer
V = 245 mL
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