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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident has just finished a cup of hot tea. When should the nursing assistant take her oral temperature?
ARight away, while she is still sitting up
BAfter she drinks a glass of ice water
CAfter waiting about 1 minute
DAfter waiting about 15 minutes
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident says her knee hurts. Which information is most useful to report to the nurse?
AWhere it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
BThat she often complains about pain and probably wants attention
COnly that she has pain, since the nurse will ask the details later
DYour own opinion that the pain cannot be very severe, because she is smiling
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 23:45 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
23:45
110:45 PM
211:45 AM
311:45 PM
41:45 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion delivers 8 mcg/min. Express this dose rate D in mg/h.
8 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · After waiting about 15 minutes
Why this is the answer
Eating, drinking, chewing gum or smoking change the temperature in the mouth. Waiting about 15 minutes (or the time in facility policy) gives an accurate oral reading.
Answer
D · After waiting about 15 minutes
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Where it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
Why this is the answer
Useful pain reports include location, intensity, type (for example sharp or aching), when it started and what makes it better or worse. Pain is what the resident says it is, so personal opinions are not reported as facts.
Answer
A · Where it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 11:45 PM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
23 − 12 = 11 → PM
Answer
11:45 PM
Answer
11:45 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 0.48 mg/h
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 8 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
Calculate
D = 8·60/1000 = 0.48 mg/h
Answer
D = 0.48 mg/h
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