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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When should a specimen container be labeled?
AAt the bedside, with the correct name, date and time
BNever, because the lab can guess whose it is
CAt the end of the shift, with all the other specimens
DOnly after it reaches the laboratory
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During a bath, the nursing assistant notices a new, dark mole with an irregular edge on a resident's back. What should be done?
ATell the resident it is probably skin cancer
BScrub the mole gently to see if it comes off
CReport the observation to the nurse
DIgnore it because moles are common in older adults
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 38.2 °C. Convert it to degrees Fahrenheit T with °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Round to one decimal place.
38.2 °C
T = °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 2 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1½ fl oz of juice, 1½ tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · At the bedside, with the correct name, date and time
Why this is the answer
Specimens are labeled at the bedside with the resident's correct identifying information, date and time, following policy. Labels prevent mix-ups that could lead to wrong results and wrong treatment.
Answer
A · At the bedside, with the correct name, date and time
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Report the observation to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Skin changes such as new or changing moles, sores, rashes or bruises are reported to the nurse. The nursing assistant does not diagnose or alarm the resident.
Answer
C · Report the observation to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 100.8 °F
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Multiply by 9/5
38.2·9/5 = 68.76
Add 32
T = 68.76 + 32 = 100.8 °F
Answer
T = 100.8 °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 82.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
1½ fl oz = 1.5·30 = 45 mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
Add
V = 30 + 45 + 7.5 = 82.5 mL
Answer
V = 82.5 mL
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