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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When should care be documented?
AAfter the care is given, never before
BAt the start of the shift, to save time later
COnly at the end of the week
DBefore the care, so the nurse knows it is planned
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
An older resident who has been in bed for a week develops a cough, a fever and fast breathing. What should the nursing assistant do?
ARecord the signs and wait for them to go away
BEncourage her to stay in bed for another week
CReport the signs promptly, because they can point to pneumonia
DKeep her lying flat in bed and give her extra fluids lying down
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 36.7 °C. Convert it to degrees Fahrenheit T with °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Round to one decimal place.
36.7 °C
T = °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 6 fl oz of juice, ½ cup of tea, ½ tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · After the care is given, never before
Why this is the answer
Care is documented after it is done. Documenting care in advance is falsification, because something may change or the care may not happen.
Answer
A · After the care is given, never before
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Report the signs promptly, because they can point to pneumonia
Why this is the answer
Bed rest raises the risk of pneumonia because mucus collects in the lungs. Cough, fever, fast or difficult breathing and new confusion are reported promptly. Turning, sitting up and walking as allowed help prevent it.
Answer
C · Report the signs promptly, because they can point to pneumonia
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 98.1 °F
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Multiply by 9/5
36.7·9/5 = 66.06
Add 32
T = 66.06 + 32 = 98.06 ≈ 98.1 °F
Answer
T = 98.1 °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 302.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
6 fl oz = 6·30 = 180 mL
½ cup = 0.5·240 = 120 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
Add
V = 180 + 120 + 2.5 = 302.5 mL
Answer
V = 302.5 mL
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