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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When feeding a resident, where should the nursing assistant sit?
ABeside the bed, facing the television
BBehind the resident so the resident is not distracted
CAt the resident's eye level, facing the resident
DStanding over the resident to reach the tray easily
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
Staff say a resident is "confused" because she does not follow instructions. She has known hearing loss. What should the nursing assistant consider first?
AThat she is refusing care and should be reported for behavior
BThat she may not hear well; check her hearing aid and face her
CThat she should be spoken to in a shout from across the room
DThat she has dementia and needs no further checking by anyone
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A drip-rate calculation gives 220.547 gtt/min. The rule in this exercise is that drip rates are rounded to the nearest whole drop. What value x do you record?
220.547 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A maintenance infusion runs at 80 mL/h without a break. How many litres V does it deliver in 24 hours?
80 mL/h24 h
V = L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · At the resident's eye level, facing the resident
Why this is the answer
Sitting at eye level facing the resident is respectful, allows conversation and lets the nursing assistant watch for chewing and swallowing problems. Standing over a resident can feel rushed and controlling.
Answer
C · At the resident's eye level, facing the resident
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · That she may not hear well; check her hearing aid and face her
Why this is the answer
Hearing loss can be mistaken for confusion. Checking that the hearing aid is in and working, reducing noise and speaking face to face may solve the problem. Real changes in thinking are still reported.
Answer
B · That she may not hear well; check her hearing aid and face her
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 221 gtt/min
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the ones place
220.547 → 0
Only the next digit decides
220.547 → 5
5 is 5 or more, so round 0 up.
The digits after it (47) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 221 gtt/min
Answer
x = 221 gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 1.92 L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume in a day
80 mL/h × 24 h = 1920 mL
In litres
V = 1920/1000 = 1.92 L
Answer
V = 1.92 L
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