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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
During catheter care, in which direction is the catheter tubing cleaned?
ABack and forth along the tube with the same washcloth
BFrom the urinary opening outward, about 4 inches (10 cm)
CFrom about 4 inches down the tube toward the urinary opening
DAfter disconnecting the tube from the drainage bag
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
Another nursing assistant says, "I didn't get to take vital signs in Room 12; just write down normal numbers for them." What should the nursing assistant do?
ACopy the numbers from the previous shift
BWrite the numbers but mark them with a question mark
CWrite normal numbers, because the resident was well this morning
DRefuse, and tell the nurse that the vital signs were not taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 18:35 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
18:35
16:35 PM
28:35 PM
35:35 PM
46:35 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A maintenance infusion runs at 100 mL/h without a break. How many litres V does it deliver in 24 hours?
100 mL/h24 h
V = L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · From the urinary opening outward, about 4 inches (10 cm)
Why this is the answer
The catheter is held near the opening so it is not pulled, and is cleaned from the meatus outward with a clean part of the washcloth for each stroke. The closed drainage system is never disconnected for care.
Answer
B · From the urinary opening outward, about 4 inches (10 cm)
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Refuse, and tell the nurse that the vital signs were not taken
Why this is the answer
Writing values that were not measured is falsifying a record, which is illegal and dangerous. The nursing assistant refuses, makes sure the nurse knows the vital signs are still needed and, if this is a pattern, reports it.
Answer
D · Refuse, and tell the nurse that the vital signs were not taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 6:35 PM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
18 − 12 = 6 → PM
Answer
6:35 PM
Answer
6:35 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 2.4 L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume in a day
100 mL/h × 24 h = 2400 mL
In litres
V = 2400/1000 = 2.4 L
Answer
V = 2.4 L
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