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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
During perineal care for an uncircumcised male resident, what is done with the foreskin?
AIt is cleaned with alcohol without pulling it back
BIt is pulled back to clean, then returned to its normal position
CIt is never moved during perineal care
DIt is pulled back and left in that position after care is finished
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident at high risk for falls keeps trying to get up alone at night to use the bathroom. Which plan is most helpful?
ARaise the bed to its highest position at night
BOffer toileting on a regular schedule, including before bed
CTie the resident to the bed with a sheet at night
DKeep the room completely dark so the resident sleeps through the night
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 11:20 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
11:20
11:20 AM
211:20 AM
311:20 PM
410:20 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 2 fl oz of juice, 2½ tsp of cough syrup, ½ cup of tea, 2 tbsp of liquid supplement. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · It is pulled back to clean, then returned to its normal position
Why this is the answer
The foreskin is gently pulled back to clean the tip of the penis and then returned to its normal position. If it is left pulled back, it can cause swelling and restrict blood flow.
Answer
B · It is pulled back to clean, then returned to its normal position
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Offer toileting on a regular schedule, including before bed
Why this is the answer
Regular toileting, a night light, a low bed and the call light within reach reduce the reason to get up alone and the chance of injury. Tying a resident down is an illegal restraint and raises the risk of harm.
Answer
B · Offer toileting on a regular schedule, including before bed
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 11:20 AM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
11 → 11 AM
Answer
11:20 AM
Answer
11:20 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 222.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
2 fl oz = 2·30 = 60 mL
2½ tsp = 2.5·5 = 12.5 mL
½ cup = 0.5·240 = 120 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
Add
V = 60 + 12.5 + 120 + 30 = 222.5 mL
Answer
V = 222.5 mL
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