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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Why is a lift (draw) sheet used to move a resident up in bed?
AIt keeps the resident warmer while moving
BIt reduces friction and shearing on the skin
CIt removes the need to lower the head of the bed
DIt lets one person move any resident alone
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During morning care, a usually talkative resident is quiet, her face is flushed and her skin feels hot. What should the nursing assistant report?
AHer change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
BNothing yet, because she may simply be tired from a poor night's sleep
CThat the resident probably has the flu and should stay in her room
DThat the resident is in a bad mood today and does not want to talk
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A weight conversion gives 84.6386 kg. The rule in this exercise is that weights are rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. What value x do you record?
84.6386 kg
x = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 20:50 and finishes at 08:20 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
20:5008:20
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · It reduces friction and shearing on the skin
Why this is the answer
Lifting the resident on a lift sheet keeps the skin from rubbing against the bed, which reduces friction and shearing. This helps prevent skin tears and pressure injuries.
Answer
B · It reduces friction and shearing on the skin
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
Why this is the answer
A change from a resident's usual behavior, together with flushed, hot skin, may signal fever or illness. The nursing assistant reports the observations factually, including measured vital signs, without guessing the diagnosis.
Answer
A · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 84.6 kg
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
84.6386 → 6
Only the next digit decides
84.6386 → 3
3 is 4 or less, so 6 stays.
The digits after it (86) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 84.6 kg
Answer
x = 84.6 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 690 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
20:50 → 24:00 = 190 min
After midnight
00:00 → 08:20 = 500 min
Total
t = 190 + 500 = 690 min
Answer
t = 690 min
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