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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When speaking with a resident who has dementia, which nonverbal approach helps?
AApproaching quickly from behind so that care can start sooner
BApproaching from the front with eye contact and a calm tone
CSpeaking while walking out of the room
DStanding over the resident with crossed arms
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
The care plan says "NPO after midnight" for a morning test. At 6 a.m., the resident asks for a cup of coffee. What should the nursing assistant do?
AGive her coffee and tell the nurse afterward
BGive her water instead because water is always allowed
CExplain she cannot eat or drink yet, and tell the nurse
DGive her a small cup of black coffee, because coffee is not food
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 6 lb 11 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
6 lb 11 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 17:15 and finishes at 01:50 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many hours t did it run? Give the answer in hours as a decimal, rounded to two decimal places.
17:1501:50
t = h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Approaching from the front with eye contact and a calm tone
Why this is the answer
Approaching from the front, at eye level, with a calm voice and relaxed body language reduces fear and helps the resident with dementia focus. Being startled can trigger agitation.
Answer
B · Approaching from the front with eye contact and a calm tone
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Explain she cannot eat or drink yet, and tell the nurse
Why this is the answer
NPO means nothing by mouth, including water and coffee, unless the nurse says otherwise. Eating or drinking could cancel the test or make it unsafe. The nursing assistant explains and tells the nurse.
Answer
C · Explain she cannot eat or drink yet, and tell the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.04 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
11 oz/16 = 0.6875 lb
6 + 0.6875 = 6.688 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 6.688/2.2 = 3.04 kg
Answer
m = 3.04 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 8.58 h
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
17:15 → 24:00 = 405 min
After midnight
00:00 → 01:50 = 110 min
Total
405 + 110 = 515 min
t = 515/60 = 8.583 ≈ 8.58 h
Answer
t = 8.58 h
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