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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident with an intellectual disability is learning to make his own bed. Which approach helps most?
ACorrect every mistake in front of others
BExplain all the steps at once, then leave him to try it on his own
CTeach one simple step at a time, praise success and be patient
DMake the bed for him because it is faster
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident's weight this morning is 3 lb (about 1.4 kg) more than yesterday, and his ankles look swollen. What should the nursing assistant do?
ALimit his drinks for the rest of the day without telling anyone
BReport the weight gain and the swelling to the nurse promptly
CRaise his legs and leave it out of the report
DWeigh him again next week to see whether the trend continues
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 159 cm tall. Using 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in inches. Round to one decimal place.
159 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 22:40 and finishes at 01:40 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
22:4001:40
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Teach one simple step at a time, praise success and be patient
Why this is the answer
Breaking a task into small steps, demonstrating, repeating and praising progress helps people with intellectual disabilities learn. This builds independence and self-esteem.
Answer
C · Teach one simple step at a time, praise success and be patient
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Report the weight gain and the swelling to the nurse promptly
Why this is the answer
A quick weight gain with swelling may mean fluid retention, for example in heart failure. It is reported to the nurse promptly. Changing the resident's fluids is not the nursing assistant's decision.
Answer
B · Report the weight gain and the swelling to the nurse promptly
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 62.6 in
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Centimetres to inches
h = 159/2.54 = 62.6 in
Answer
h = 62.6 in
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 180 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
22:40 → 24:00 = 80 min
After midnight
00:00 → 01:40 = 100 min
Total
t = 80 + 100 = 180 min
Answer
t = 180 min
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