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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How can a resident's heels be protected while the resident lies on the back?
ATuck the top sheet tightly over the feet to keep them still
BPut a rubber ring under each heel to spread the pressure
CPut a pillow under the calves so the heels are off the bed
DPlace a soft pillow directly under both heels
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A nursing assistant notices that a coworker smells of alcohol and is unsteady while caring for residents. What should the nursing assistant do?
AIgnore it so the coworker does not get in trouble
BGive the coworker coffee and take over a few residents
CWait until the end of the shift and discuss it privately
DReport it to the nurse or supervisor right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A weight conversion gives 117.6114 kg. The rule in this exercise is that weights are rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. What value x do you record?
117.6114 kg
x = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1 cup of tea, 4 fl oz of juice. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Put a pillow under the calves so the heels are off the bed
Why this is the answer
A pillow lengthwise under the calves lifts the heels off the mattress and removes pressure. Tight top sheets push the feet down, and rings or donuts can reduce blood flow around the area.
Answer
C · Put a pillow under the calves so the heels are off the bed
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Report it to the nurse or supervisor right away
Why this is the answer
A worker who may be impaired puts residents at risk. The nursing assistant reports it immediately to the nurse or supervisor so the coworker can be removed from care and residents kept safe.
Answer
D · Report it to the nurse or supervisor right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 117.6 kg
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
117.6114 → 6
Only the next digit decides
117.6114 → 1
1 is 4 or less, so 6 stays.
The digits after it (14) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 117.6 kg
Answer
x = 117.6 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 375 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
1 cup = 1·240 = 240 mL
4 fl oz = 4·30 = 120 mL
Add
V = 15 + 240 + 120 = 375 mL
Answer
V = 375 mL
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