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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How is a 24-hour urine specimen collected?
AThe first urine is saved, then one sample is taken every 8 hours
BDiscard the first urine, then save all urine for 24 hours
CThree random samples are collected during the day
DOnly urine passed during the night is collected
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with Alzheimer's disease no longer remembers how to brush her teeth but can do each step when shown. Which approach helps?
ABreak the task into simple steps and show her one step at a time
BGive her the whole set of instructions at once
CBrush her teeth for her every time so that she does not get upset
DSkip mouth care because she cannot remember how
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 36.4 °C. Convert it to degrees Fahrenheit T with °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Round to one decimal place.
36.4 °C
T = °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 6 fl oz of juice, ¾ cup of tea, 2 tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Discard the first urine, then save all urine for 24 hours
Why this is the answer
The test starts with an empty bladder: the first urine is discarded and the time noted. All urine for the next 24 hours is collected, usually kept cool. If any urine is thrown away, the test must be restarted, so tell the nurse.
Answer
B · Discard the first urine, then save all urine for 24 hours
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Break the task into simple steps and show her one step at a time
Why this is the answer
Breaking tasks into small steps, with demonstration and cues, lets residents with dementia keep doing what they can. This supports independence and dignity and helps prevent frustration.
Answer
A · Break the task into simple steps and show her one step at a time
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 97.5 °F
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Multiply by 9/5
36.4·9/5 = 65.52
Add 32
T = 65.52 + 32 = 97.52 ≈ 97.5 °F
Answer
T = 97.5 °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 370 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
6 fl oz = 6·30 = 180 mL
¾ cup = 0.75·240 = 180 mL
2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
Add
V = 180 + 180 + 10 = 370 mL
Answer
V = 370 mL
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