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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident says, "My stomach hurts." How should this be documented?
AIt should not be documented because it cannot be seen
BAs "Resident is complaining again"
CAs "Resident has a stomach ulcer"
DIn the resident's own words, in quotation marks
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with COPD is short of breath and asks the nursing assistant to turn up her oxygen. What should the nursing assistant do?
AHelp her sit up, explain only the nurse adjusts oxygen, and call the nurse
BTurn the oxygen up a little, then tell the nurse what was done
CTell her to rest quietly and wait until the nurse comes by on the next round
DTurn the oxygen off for a while and open a window for fresh air
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 5 lb 12 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
5 lb 12 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A maintenance infusion runs at 40 mL/h without a break. How many litres V does it deliver in 24 hours?
40 mL/h24 h
V = L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · In the resident's own words, in quotation marks
Why this is the answer
Subjective information is recorded in the resident's own words, using quotation marks. The nursing assistant does not add a diagnosis or opinion and reports the complaint to the nurse.
Answer
D · In the resident's own words, in quotation marks
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Help her sit up, explain only the nurse adjusts oxygen, and call the nurse
Why this is the answer
Oxygen is a medicine ordered at a set rate, and the wrong amount can be harmful. The nursing assistant helps her into a position that eases breathing and gets the nurse immediately.
Answer
A · Help her sit up, explain only the nurse adjusts oxygen, and call the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 2.61 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
12 oz/16 = 0.75 lb
5 + 0.75 = 5.75 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 5.75/2.2 = 2.614 ≈ 2.61 kg
Answer
m = 2.61 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 0.96 L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume in a day
40 mL/h × 24 h = 960 mL
In litres
V = 960/1000 = 0.96 L
Answer
V = 0.96 L
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