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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How can a stool specimen be kept from being contaminated?
AHave the resident urinate first and keep toilet paper out of it
BMix the stool with water before putting it in the container
CCollect the specimen from the toilet water after flushing
DLeave the specimen uncovered in the bathroom until the end of the shift
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A nursing assistant tells a resident who will not eat, "If you don't eat, I'll tie your hands down and feed you myself." What is this?
AAssault, because it is a threat that makes the resident fear harm
BLibel, because it damages the resident's reputation
CBattery, because the resident was actually touched
DAcceptable, because it is a harmless way to encourage the resident to eat
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for a small injection gives 0.49106 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes below 1 mL are rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mL. What value x do you record?
0.49106 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A prescription reads 1 tsp of an oral suspension every 6 hours for 5 days. The suspension comes in 150 mL bottles. Using 1 tsp = 5 mL, how many whole bottles N must be supplied so the course is complete?
1 tspevery 6 hours5 days150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Have the resident urinate first and keep toilet paper out of it
Why this is the answer
The resident urinates first and puts toilet paper in a separate bag or the toilet, not in the collection container. The specimen is labeled, covered and taken to the correct place promptly.
Answer
A · Have the resident urinate first and keep toilet paper out of it
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Assault, because it is a threat that makes the resident fear harm
Why this is the answer
Assault is a threat that makes a person fear harm, even without touching. It is also verbal and emotional abuse and must be reported. Battery would require actual unwanted touching.
Answer
A · Assault, because it is a threat that makes the resident fear harm
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 0.49 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the hundredths place
0.49106 → 9
Only the next digit decides
0.49106 → 1
1 is 4 or less, so 9 stays.
The digits after it (06) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 0.49 mL
Answer
x = 0.49 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: N = 1
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Total volume
5 mL × 4 × 5 = 100 mL
Bottles
100/150 = 0.6667 → N = 1
Answer
N = 1
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