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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When entering the room of a resident who is blind, what should the nursing assistant do?
ATurn off the lights because the resident does not need them
BRearrange the furniture to make more space
CKnock, say the resident's name and identify themselves
DTouch the resident's shoulder silently so as not to startle them
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
After repositioning, a resident's heel is still red 30 minutes later and does not fade when gently pressed. What should the nursing assistant do?
AMassage the red area firmly to improve the blood flow
BPut a warm pack on the heel
CPlace a donut-shaped cushion under the heel
DKeep pressure off the heel and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A drip-rate calculation gives 101.436 gtt/min. The rule in this exercise is that drip rates are rounded to the nearest whole drop. What value x do you record?
101.436 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 21:50 and finishes at 07:35 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
21:5007:35
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Knock, say the resident's name and identify themselves
Why this is the answer
Saying who you are when you enter, and telling the resident when you leave, prevents fear and confusion. Furniture and belongings are kept in the same places so the resident can find them.
Answer
C · Knock, say the resident's name and identify themselves
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Keep pressure off the heel and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Non-blanching redness over a bony area is an early pressure injury. Relieve the pressure (for example by floating the heels as the care plan allows) and report it. Massaging the area and donut cushions can damage tissue further.
Answer
D · Keep pressure off the heel and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 101 gtt/min
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the ones place
101.436 → 1
Only the next digit decides
101.436 → 4
4 is 4 or less, so 1 stays.
The digits after it (36) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 101 gtt/min
Answer
x = 101 gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 585 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
21:50 → 24:00 = 130 min
After midnight
00:00 → 07:35 = 455 min
Total
t = 130 + 455 = 585 min
Answer
t = 585 min
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