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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How can a resident's heels be protected while the resident lies on the back?
APut a rubber ring under each heel to spread the pressure
BPlace a soft pillow directly under both heels
CPut a pillow under the calves so the heels are off the bed
DTuck the top sheet tightly over the feet to keep them still
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
At lunch, a resident suddenly grabs her throat, cannot speak and is not coughing. What should the nursing assistant do?
AWait to see whether she starts to cough
BPat her back while giving her sips of water
CLay her flat in bed to rest
DCall for help and give abdominal thrusts
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 99 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
99 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 22:25 and finishes at 02:10 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many hours t did it run? Give the answer in hours as a decimal, rounded to two decimal places.
22:2502:10
t = h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Put a pillow under the calves so the heels are off the bed
Why this is the answer
A pillow lengthwise under the calves lifts the heels off the mattress and removes pressure. Tight top sheets push the feet down, and rings or donuts can reduce blood flow around the area.
Answer
C · Put a pillow under the calves so the heels are off the bed
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Call for help and give abdominal thrusts
Why this is the answer
Hands at the throat and an inability to speak or cough mean a severe airway obstruction. Ask "Are you choking?", call for help and give abdominal thrusts (in many courses, back blows are also taught) until the object comes out or she becomes unresponsive. Water could make it worse.
Answer
D · Call for help and give abdominal thrusts
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 37.2 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
99 − 32 = 67
Multiply by 5/9
T = 67·5/9 = 37.22 ≈ 37.2 °C
Answer
T = 37.2 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 3.75 h
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
22:25 → 24:00 = 95 min
After midnight
00:00 → 02:10 = 130 min
Total
95 + 130 = 225 min
t = 225/60 = 3.75 h
Answer
t = 3.75 h
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