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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Before surgery, which items are usually removed from the resident?
AThe anti-embolism stockings that the doctor has ordered
BJewelry, dentures, glasses and hairpins, as instructed
CThe identification band and the allergy band
DThe hospital gown and all of the bed covers
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident chooses to wear a bright red shirt with striped pants that the nursing assistant thinks do not match. What should the nursing assistant do?
ATell him the clothes do not match and should be changed
BAsk his family to pick his clothes every day
CHelp him dress in the clothes he chose
DChoose a matching outfit for him instead
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for a small injection gives 0.97727 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes below 1 mL are rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mL. What value x do you record?
0.97727 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A haemoglobin result is 158 g/L. Express it in g/dL Hb.
158 g/L1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Jewelry, dentures, glasses and hairpins, as instructed
Why this is the answer
Before surgery, jewelry, dentures, glasses, hearing aids, hairpins and makeup are usually removed as instructed and stored safely. The identification band stays on.
Answer
B · Jewelry, dentures, glasses and hairpins, as instructed
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Help him dress in the clothes he chose
Why this is the answer
Residents have the right to make choices about their daily life, including clothing. Respecting this choice supports dignity and independence, as long as the clothing is safe and suitable for the weather.
Answer
C · Help him dress in the clothes he chose
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 0.98 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the hundredths place
0.97727 → 7
Only the next digit decides
0.97727 → 7
7 is 5 or more, so round 7 up.
The digits after it (27) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 0.98 mL
Answer
x = 0.98 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: Hb = 15.8 g/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
Hb = 158 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 15.8 g/dL
Answer
Hb = 15.8 g/dL
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