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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How is a routine urine specimen usually collected from a resident who uses the toilet?
AScooped from the toilet bowl with a clean cup after the resident flushes
BUrine is taken from the incontinence brief
CInto a collection "hat" under the toilet seat, then poured into a labeled cup
DBy having the resident void into the sink, then pouring it into a cup
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with Parkinson's disease has a tremor and keeps dropping food while eating. What may help?
ATell him to eat faster before the tremor gets worse
BAsk the nurse about adaptive utensils, and allow extra time to eat
CGive him only liquid meals from now on
DFeed him every meal from now on so that he does not make a mess
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 8:10 AM. Which entry is the same time on the 24-hour clock? Click it.
8:10 AM
107:10
208:10
309:10
420:10
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1 fl oz of juice, ¼ cup of tea, 2 tbsp of liquid supplement, ½ tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Into a collection "hat" under the toilet seat, then poured into a labeled cup
Why this is the answer
A specimen pan ("hat") placed under the toilet seat catches the urine. The nursing assistant, wearing gloves, pours it into a labeled container. Toilet paper is kept out of the hat.
Answer
C · Into a collection "hat" under the toilet seat, then poured into a labeled cup
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Ask the nurse about adaptive utensils, and allow extra time to eat
Why this is the answer
Weighted or built-up utensils, plate guards and extra time can help residents with tremors eat independently. The occupational therapist can recommend devices, and the resident's dignity is protected.
Answer
B · Ask the nurse about adaptive utensils, and allow extra time to eat
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 08:10
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
8 AM → 08
Answer
08:10
Answer
08:10
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 122.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
¼ cup = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
Add
V = 30 + 60 + 30 + 2.5 = 122.5 mL
Answer
V = 122.5 mL
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