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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When a restraint has been ordered and applied, how is it usually secured?
ATo the mattress so it moves when the bed moves
BWith a tight double knot to the side rail
CWith a knot that the resident can easily reach and untie when needed
DWith a quick-release knot to the movable part of the bed frame
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
After 10 minutes, a resident's skin under an ice pack looks pale and white, and she says it feels numb. What should the nursing assistant do?
AMove the ice pack directly onto the skin
BRemove the ice pack and report it to the nurse
CAdd more ice to the pack
DLeave it on because the cold is working well
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 191 cm tall. Using 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in inches. Round to one decimal place.
191 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 2½ tsp of cough syrup, 2 cups of tea, 1 fl oz of juice, ½ tbsp of liquid supplement. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · With a quick-release knot to the movable part of the bed frame
Why this is the answer
A restraint is secured with a quick-release knot (or buckle) out of the resident's reach, to the movable bed frame, not the side rail. Tying it to the side rail can injure the resident when the rail is lowered.
Answer
D · With a quick-release knot to the movable part of the bed frame
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Remove the ice pack and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Pale, white or bluish skin and numbness under a cold application are warning signs of injury. The application is removed and the nurse is told.
Answer
B · Remove the ice pack and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 75.2 in
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Centimetres to inches
h = 191/2.54 = 75.2 in
Answer
h = 75.2 in
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 530 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
2½ tsp = 2.5·5 = 12.5 mL
2 cups = 2·240 = 480 mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
Add
V = 12.5 + 480 + 30 + 7.5 = 530 mL
Answer
V = 530 mL
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