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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which way of giving directions works best for a resident with dementia?
AAll the steps at once, so the resident can plan ahead
BDetailed explanations of why each step is needed
CWritten instructions left on the bedside table
DShort, simple sentences with one step at a time
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During perineal care, a nursing assistant notices that a female resident's perineal area is red and there is a strong-smelling discharge. What should be reported?
AOnly that perineal care was completed as usual for the shift
BThe redness, the discharge and its smell, and any discomfort
CNothing, because discharge is normal in older women
DA guess about which infection she has, so the nurse can treat it
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 12:05 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
12:05
12:05 PM
212:05 AM
311:05 PM
412:05 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion delivers 5 mg/h. Express this dose rate D in mcg/min. Round to one decimal place.
5 mg/h1 mg = 1000 mcg1 h = 60 min
D = mcg/min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Short, simple sentences with one step at a time
Why this is the answer
People with dementia cope best with one simple instruction at a time, a calm voice and the same routine. Several steps at once can overwhelm them and cause agitation.
Answer
D · Short, simple sentences with one step at a time
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · The redness, the discharge and its smell, and any discomfort
Why this is the answer
Redness, discharge and odor may be signs of infection or skin breakdown. The nursing assistant reports exact observations and what the resident says, but does not diagnose.
Answer
B · The redness, the discharge and its smell, and any discomfort
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 12:05 PM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
12 → 12 PM
Answer
12:05 PM
Answer
12:05 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 83.3 mcg/min
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 5 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
Calculate
D = 5000/60 = 83.33 ≈ 83.3 mcg/min
Answer
D = 83.3 mcg/min
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