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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When feeding a resident, where should the nursing assistant sit?
AAt the resident's eye level, facing the resident
BStanding over the resident to reach the tray easily
CBehind the resident so the resident is not distracted
DBeside the bed, facing the television
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident has severe osteoporosis. Which practice is most important during her care?
AEncourage her to lift heavy objects each day to build bone strength
BKeep her in bed at all times so her bones rest
CMove and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
DMove her quickly to finish care in less time
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 37.2 °C. Convert it to degrees Fahrenheit T with °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Round to one decimal place.
37.2 °C
T = °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes ½ tsp of cough syrup, ½ tbsp of liquid supplement, 4 fl oz of juice, 3 cups of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · At the resident's eye level, facing the resident
Why this is the answer
Sitting at eye level facing the resident is respectful, allows conversation and lets the nursing assistant watch for chewing and swallowing problems. Standing over a resident can feel rushed and controlling.
Answer
A · At the resident's eye level, facing the resident
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Move and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
Why this is the answer
Osteoporosis makes bones porous and fragile, so they can break with little force. Gentle handling, enough staff, lift sheets and fall prevention protect her. Activity as ordered still helps keep bones and muscles strong.
Answer
C · Move and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 99 °F
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Multiply by 9/5
37.2·9/5 = 66.96
Add 32
T = 66.96 + 32 = 98.96 ≈ 99 °F
Answer
T = 99 °F
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 850 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
4 fl oz = 4·30 = 120 mL
3 cups = 3·240 = 720 mL
Add
V = 2.5 + 7.5 + 120 + 720 = 850 mL
Answer
V = 850 mL
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