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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
After applying anti-embolism stockings, what should the nursing assistant check?
AThat they are rolled down a little at the top so they stay in place
BThat they are smooth, and the toes are warm and normal in color
CThat the toes are covered so they cannot be seen
DThat they are tight enough to leave deep marks
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident's dentures are missing after lunch. What should the nursing assistant do first?
AGive her another resident's spare dentures
BTell the resident that she will have to pay for new ones
CSearch the tray, napkins and linen, and report the loss
DWait until the next day to see if they turn up
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 00:40 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
00:40
111:40 AM
212:40 AM
32:40 AM
412:40 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 4 fl oz of juice, 2 cups of tea, ½ tbsp of liquid supplement. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · That they are smooth, and the toes are warm and normal in color
Why this is the answer
Stockings must be smooth and unrolled, because wrinkles and rolled edges cut into the skin and reduce circulation. Toes are checked for color, warmth and feeling, and problems are reported.
Answer
B · That they are smooth, and the toes are warm and normal in color
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Search the tray, napkins and linen, and report the loss
Why this is the answer
Missing dentures are often wrapped in napkins and sent away with trays or linen. A prompt search and report give the best chance of finding them, and the loss is documented according to policy.
Answer
C · Search the tray, napkins and linen, and report the loss
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 12:40 AM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
00 → 12 AM
Answer
12:40 AM
Answer
12:40 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 607.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
4 fl oz = 4·30 = 120 mL
2 cups = 2·240 = 480 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
Add
V = 120 + 480 + 7.5 = 607.5 mL
Answer
V = 607.5 mL
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