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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
During perineal care for an uncircumcised male resident, what is done with the foreskin?
AIt is pulled back to clean, then returned to its normal position
BIt is never moved during perineal care
CIt is pulled back and left in that position after care is finished
DIt is cleaned with alcohol without pulling it back
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident keeps removing her nasal cannula because the tubing hurts her ears. What should the nursing assistant do?
ATape the cannula to her face so she cannot remove it
BTell the nurse, who may approve padding or another solution
CLeave the cannula off because she does not want it
DChange her to a different oxygen device without asking
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for a small injection gives 0.81652 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes below 1 mL are rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mL. What value x do you record?
0.81652 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 21:50 and finishes at 02:25 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many hours t did it run? Give the answer in hours as a decimal, rounded to two decimal places.
21:5002:25
t = h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · It is pulled back to clean, then returned to its normal position
Why this is the answer
The foreskin is gently pulled back to clean the tip of the penis and then returned to its normal position. If it is left pulled back, it can cause swelling and restrict blood flow.
Answer
A · It is pulled back to clean, then returned to its normal position
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Tell the nurse, who may approve padding or another solution
Why this is the answer
Oxygen is ordered for a reason, so the nurse must know if the resident is removing it. The nurse may approve ear padding or other comfort measures. The nursing assistant does not change oxygen devices alone.
Answer
B · Tell the nurse, who may approve padding or another solution
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 0.82 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the hundredths place
0.81652 → 1
Only the next digit decides
0.81652 → 6
6 is 5 or more, so round 1 up.
The digits after it (52) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 0.82 mL
Answer
x = 0.82 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 4.58 h
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
21:50 → 24:00 = 130 min
After midnight
00:00 → 02:25 = 145 min
Total
130 + 145 = 275 min
t = 275/60 = 4.583 ≈ 4.58 h
Answer
t = 4.58 h
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