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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When applying a condom catheter, what is important?
AApply it as tightly as possible so that urine cannot leak out
BLeave the same catheter on for a whole week
CLeave space at the tip and never wrap tape tightly around the penis
DSecure it with regular adhesive tape wrapped around the base
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order starts choking on food at lunch and cannot speak. What should the nursing assistant do?
AGive abdominal thrusts and call for help; DNR does not forbid this
BDo nothing, because the DNR order means no emergency care at all
CGive the resident water to wash the food down
DWait for the nurse to read the DNR order before doing anything
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A drip-rate calculation gives 58.107 gtt/min. The rule in this exercise is that drip rates are rounded to the nearest whole drop. What value x do you record?
58.107 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A blood glucose result is 15.6 mmol/L. Using 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL for glucose, find c in mg/dL to the nearest whole number.
15.6 mmol/L1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL
c = mg/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Leave space at the tip and never wrap tape tightly around the penis
Why this is the answer
A condom catheter is applied with space at the tip to prevent irritation, and secured only with the special elastic strip in a spiral, never tight tape. The skin is checked for redness, swelling or irritation.
Answer
C · Leave space at the tip and never wrap tape tightly around the penis
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Give abdominal thrusts and call for help; DNR does not forbid this
Why this is the answer
A DNR order means no CPR if the heart or breathing stops. It does not mean "do not treat", so a choking resident still receives abdominal thrusts and other emergency care. Help is called at once.
Answer
A · Give abdominal thrusts and call for help; DNR does not forbid this
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 58 gtt/min
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the ones place
58.107 → 8
Only the next digit decides
58.107 → 1
1 is 4 or less, so 8 stays.
The digits after it (07) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 58 gtt/min
Answer
x = 58 gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 281 mg/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 15.6·18 = 280.8 ≈ 281 mg/dL
Answer
c = 281 mg/dL
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