IPv4 subnetting
- Hosts per subnet
- 2(32 − prefix) − 2 (/31: 2, /32: 1)
- Block size
- 256 − (mask octet)
- Network address
- IP AND mask
- Broadcast address
- IP OR (NOT mask): all host bits set to 1
- Subnets from n borrowed bits
- 2n
Computer Networks: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Formulas and methods
Number systems
- Place values
- binary 2k, octal 8k, hex 16k
- To decimal
- Σ dk·bk
- From decimal
- divide by the base, read the remainders bottom-up
- Hex ↔ binary
- one hex digit = 4 bits
- Two’s complement
- invert the bits and add 1
2Practice problems
1.IPv4 subnettingMedium
A department needs 617 host addresses in a single subnet. What is the longest prefix length p (smallest subnet) that is big enough?
617 hosts
p =
2.IPv4 subnettingHard
A host has the address 172.20.164.176/21. What is the third octet x of its network address?
172.20.164.176/21
x =
3.Computer networksMedium
Which subnet mask corresponds to /20?
- A255.255.248.0
- B255.255.255.240
- C255.255.224.0
- D255.255.240.0
4.Computer networksHard
Why does a browser warn when a site presents a self-signed certificate?
- AThe certificate is always expired
- BNo trusted certificate authority vouches that the key belongs to that site
- CThe site must be using HTTP instead of HTTPS
- DSelf-signed certificates use no encryption at all, so the traffic is sent in clear text
5.Number systemsMedium
The 8-bit pattern 1011 1110 stores a signed integer in two's complement. What is its value N in decimal?
1011 11108 bit
N =
6.Number systemsHard
A system must give every one of 530 items its own binary code of the same length. What is the smallest number of bits b needed?
530
b = bit
3Solutions
1.IPv4 subnetting
Answer: p = 22
IPv4 subnetting: an address has 32 bits. The prefix /p says how many leading bits identify the network; the remaining 32 − p bits number the hosts. A subnet has 2³²⁻ᵖ addresses, but the first (network address) and last (broadcast address) cannot be given to hosts, so 2³²⁻ᵖ − 2 hosts fit. Exceptions: a /31 (point-to-point link, RFC 3021) uses both of its 2 addresses for hosts, and a /32 is one single address (a single host or a loopback).
Host bits needed
29 − 2 = 510 < 617
210 − 2 = 1022 ≥ 617 → h = 10
Prefix length
p = 32 − 10 = 22
Answer
p = /22
2.IPv4 subnetting
Answer: x = 160
IPv4 subnetting: an address has 32 bits. The prefix /p says how many leading bits identify the network; the remaining 32 − p bits number the hosts. A subnet has 2³²⁻ᵖ addresses, but the first (network address) and last (broadcast address) cannot be given to hosts, so 2³²⁻ᵖ − 2 hosts fit. Exceptions: a /31 (point-to-point link, RFC 3021) uses both of its 2 addresses for hosts, and a /32 is one single address (a single host or a loopback).
Block size in the third octet
23 = 8
Subnet of this host
network: 172.20.160.0
broadcast: 172.20.167.255
Answer
x = 160
3.Computer networks
Answer: D · 255.255.240.0
Why this is the answer
/20 means 8 + 8 + 4 one-bits. Four one-bits in the third octet are 11110000 = 240, so the mask is 255.255.240.0.
Answer
D · 255.255.240.0
4.Computer networks
Answer: B · No trusted certificate authority vouches that the key belongs to that site
Why this is the answer
Browsers trust certificates signed, directly or through a chain, by CAs in their trust store. A self-signed certificate could be made by anyone, such as a man-in-the-middle.
Answer
B · No trusted certificate authority vouches that the key belongs to that site
5.Number systems
Answer: N = −66
Positional number systems: each digit is worth its value times a power of the base. In binary the places are worth 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …; in hexadecimal 1, 16, 256, …, with A–F standing for 10–15. In 8-bit two's complement the leftmost bit is worth −128 instead of +128, which is how negative numbers are stored.
Add the place values
The other bits keep their normal positive values.
−128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = −66
Answer
N = −66
6.Number systems
Answer: b = 10 bit
Positional number systems: each digit is worth its value times a power of the base. In binary the places are worth 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …; in hexadecimal 1, 16, 256, …, with A–F standing for 10–15. In 8-bit two's complement the leftmost bit is worth −128 instead of +128, which is how negative numbers are stored.
Powers of two
29 = 512 < 530
210 = 1024 ≥ 530
Answer
b = 10
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