IPv4 subnetting
- Hosts per subnet
- 2(32 − prefix) − 2 (/31: 2, /32: 1)
- Block size
- 256 − (mask octet)
- Network address
- IP AND mask
- Broadcast address
- IP OR (NOT mask): all host bits set to 1
- Subnets from n borrowed bits
- 2n
Computer Networks: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Formulas and methods
Number systems
- Place values
- binary 2k, octal 8k, hex 16k
- To decimal
- Σ dk·bk
- From decimal
- divide by the base, read the remainders bottom-up
- Hex ↔ binary
- one hex digit = 4 bits
- Two’s complement
- invert the bits and add 1
2Practice problems
1.IPv4 subnettingMedium
A subnet uses the mask 255.255.255.192. How many usable host addresses H does it have?
255.255.255.192
H =
2.IPv4 subnettingHard
A host has the address 10.20.44.27/27. What is the last number (fourth octet) x of its subnet's broadcast address?
10.20.44.27/27
x =
3.Computer networksMedium
What uniquely identifies one end of a TCP connection on the internet?
- AA domain name alone
- BA subnet mask and gateway
- CAn IP address together with a port number
- DA MAC address alone
4.Computer networksHard
What does BGP mainly do on the internet?
- AEncrypts data between routers
- BAssigns IP addresses to home users through their internet providers
- CResolves names to addresses
- DExchanges routing information between autonomous systems
5.Number systemsMedium
The 8-bit pattern 1001 1100 stores a signed integer in two's complement. What is its value N in decimal?
1001 11008 bit
N =
6.Number systemsHard
Set the bits to the 8-bit result of 0010 0001 << 1. What is the result's value R in decimal?
0010 0001<< 1
R =
3Solutions
1.IPv4 subnetting
Answer: H = 62
IPv4 subnetting: an address has 32 bits. The prefix /p says how many leading bits identify the network; the remaining 32 − p bits number the hosts. A subnet has 2³²⁻ᵖ addresses, but the first (network address) and last (broadcast address) cannot be given to hosts, so 2³²⁻ᵖ − 2 hosts fit. Exceptions: a /31 (point-to-point link, RFC 3021) uses both of its 2 addresses for hosts, and a /32 is one single address (a single host or a loopback).
Prefix length
255.255.255.192 = /26
Usable hosts
26 − 2 = 62
Answer
H = 62
2.IPv4 subnetting
Answer: x = 31
IPv4 subnetting: an address has 32 bits. The prefix /p says how many leading bits identify the network; the remaining 32 − p bits number the hosts. A subnet has 2³²⁻ᵖ addresses, but the first (network address) and last (broadcast address) cannot be given to hosts, so 2³²⁻ᵖ − 2 hosts fit. Exceptions: a /31 (point-to-point link, RFC 3021) uses both of its 2 addresses for hosts, and a /32 is one single address (a single host or a loopback).
Block size
25 = 32
Subnet of this host
network: ⌊27/32⌋·32 = 0
broadcast: 0 + 32 − 1 = 31
usable hosts: 1 … 30
Answer
x = 31
3.Computer networks
Answer: C · An IP address together with a port number
Why this is the answer
A TCP connection is identified by source IP and port plus destination IP and port. Ports separate the many applications on one host.
Answer
C · An IP address together with a port number
4.Computer networks
Answer: D · Exchanges routing information between autonomous systems
Why this is the answer
BGP is the inter-domain routing protocol; autonomous systems advertise reachable prefixes and select paths based on policies.
Answer
D · Exchanges routing information between autonomous systems
5.Number systems
Answer: N = −100
Positional number systems: each digit is worth its value times a power of the base. In binary the places are worth 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …; in hexadecimal 1, 16, 256, …, with A–F standing for 10–15. In 8-bit two's complement the leftmost bit is worth −128 instead of +128, which is how negative numbers are stored.
Add the place values
The other bits keep their normal positive values.
−128 + 16 + 8 + 4 = −100
Answer
N = −100
6.Number systems
Answer: R = 66
Setting bits: each bit is worth a power of two (128, 64, …, 1). One hex digit is exactly four bits, and in 8-bit two's complement the leftmost bit is worth −128. Bitwise operations work on each bit position separately.
Bit by bit
Shifting left by 1 moves every bit 1 places to the left; bits that fall off the left end are lost and zeros come in on the right.
0010 0001 << 1
= 0100 0010
Value of the result
0100 0010₂ = 66
Answer
R = 66
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