IPv4 subnetting
- Hosts per subnet
- 2(32 − prefix) − 2 (/31: 2, /32: 1)
- Block size
- 256 − (mask octet)
- Network address
- IP AND mask
- Broadcast address
- IP OR (NOT mask): all host bits set to 1
- Subnets from n borrowed bits
- 2n
Computer Networks: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Formulas and methods
Number systems
- Place values
- binary 2k, octal 8k, hex 16k
- To decimal
- Σ dk·bk
- From decimal
- divide by the base, read the remainders bottom-up
- Hex ↔ binary
- one hex digit = 4 bits
- Two’s complement
- invert the bits and add 1
2Practice problems
1.IPv4 subnettingMedium
A department needs 1305 host addresses in a single subnet. What is the longest prefix length p (smallest subnet) that is big enough?
1305 hosts
p =
2.IPv4 subnettingHard
A host has the address 10.20.165.113/29. What is the fourth octet x of the last usable host address in its subnet?
10.20.165.113/29
x =
3.Computer networksMedium
Which single prefix summarises both 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24?
- A192.168.1.0/23
- B192.168.0.0/22
- C192.168.0.0/23
- D192.168.0.0/25
4.Computer networksHard
TCP congestion control's "slow start" phase:
- AKeeps the window fixed at one segment
- BIncreases the congestion window exponentially until a threshold or loss
- CIs used only by UDP
- DHalves the congestion window every round trip until a packet loss is detected
5.Number systemsMedium
The 8-bit pattern 1100 0100 stores a signed integer in two's complement. What is its value N in decimal?
1100 01008 bit
N =
6.Number systemsHard
Set the bits to the 8-bit result of 0111 0110 >> 1. What is the result's value R in decimal?
0111 0110>> 1
R =
3Solutions
1.IPv4 subnetting
Answer: p = 21
IPv4 subnetting: an address has 32 bits. The prefix /p says how many leading bits identify the network; the remaining 32 − p bits number the hosts. A subnet has 2³²⁻ᵖ addresses, but the first (network address) and last (broadcast address) cannot be given to hosts, so 2³²⁻ᵖ − 2 hosts fit. Exceptions: a /31 (point-to-point link, RFC 3021) uses both of its 2 addresses for hosts, and a /32 is one single address (a single host or a loopback).
Host bits needed
210 − 2 = 1022 < 1305
211 − 2 = 2046 ≥ 1305 → h = 11
Prefix length
p = 32 − 11 = 21
Answer
p = /21
2.IPv4 subnetting
Answer: x = 118
IPv4 subnetting: an address has 32 bits. The prefix /p says how many leading bits identify the network; the remaining 32 − p bits number the hosts. A subnet has 2³²⁻ᵖ addresses, but the first (network address) and last (broadcast address) cannot be given to hosts, so 2³²⁻ᵖ − 2 hosts fit. Exceptions: a /31 (point-to-point link, RFC 3021) uses both of its 2 addresses for hosts, and a /32 is one single address (a single host or a loopback).
Block size
23 = 8
Subnet of this host
network: ⌊113/8⌋·8 = 112
broadcast: 112 + 8 − 1 = 119
usable hosts: 113 … 118
Answer
x = 118
3.Computer networks
Answer: C · 192.168.0.0/23
Why this is the answer
0 and 1 share all bits of the third octet except the last, so one bit less of prefix (/23) starting at 192.168.0.0 covers both exactly.
Answer
C · 192.168.0.0/23
4.Computer networks
Answer: B · Increases the congestion window exponentially until a threshold or loss
Why this is the answer
Slow start grows the congestion window exponentially; after the threshold, congestion avoidance grows it linearly, and loss reduces it.
Answer
B · Increases the congestion window exponentially until a threshold or loss
5.Number systems
Answer: N = −60
Positional number systems: each digit is worth its value times a power of the base. In binary the places are worth 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …; in hexadecimal 1, 16, 256, …, with A–F standing for 10–15. In 8-bit two's complement the leftmost bit is worth −128 instead of +128, which is how negative numbers are stored.
Add the place values
The other bits keep their normal positive values.
−128 + 64 + 4 = −60
Answer
N = −60
6.Number systems
Answer: R = 59
Setting bits: each bit is worth a power of two (128, 64, …, 1). One hex digit is exactly four bits, and in 8-bit two's complement the leftmost bit is worth −128. Bitwise operations work on each bit position separately.
Bit by bit
Shifting right by 1 moves every bit 1 places to the right; bits that fall off the right end are lost and zeros come in on the left.
0111 0110 >> 1
= 0011 1011
Value of the result
0011 1011₂ = 59
Answer
R = 59
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