Data Structures and Algorithms: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Formulas and methods

Graph theory

Handshake lemma
Σ deg(v) = 2|E|
Complete graphs
|E(Kn)| = n(n − 1)/2, |E(Km,n)| = m·n
Regular graph
|E| = n·k/2
Tree and forest
|E| = n − 1, |E| = n − c
Leaves of a tree
L = 2 + Σ (deg(v) − 2) over deg(v) ≥ 3
Euler
circuit: all degrees even; path: exactly 2 odd degrees
Hamilton circuits in Kn
(n − 1)!/2
Dijkstra update
d(v) = min(d(v), d(u) + w(u, v))
Walks of length L
(Mᴸ)ij

Method

  1. Write down the degree of every vertex; the degrees add up to twice the number of edges.
  2. For Euler questions, check that the graph is connected and count the vertices with odd degree.
  3. For trees, use n − 1 edges and the handshake lemma.
  4. For Dijkstra, keep a table of tentative distances and settle the smallest unsettled vertex each round.
  5. For a minimum spanning tree, sort the edges by weight and skip every edge that closes a cycle (Kruskal), or grow one tree from a start vertex (Prim).

2Practice problems

1.Algorithms & complexityMedium

A function runs one loop of n iterations and then, separately, another loop of n iterations. What is its time complexity?

  1. AO(n²)
  2. BO(n)
  3. CO(2ⁿ)
  4. DO(log n)
2.Algorithms & complexityHard

What did the Cook–Levin theorem establish?

  1. AThe halting problem is undecidable
  2. BThe Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is NP-complete
  3. CP is not equal to NP
  4. DEvery NP problem can be solved in exponential time
3.Data structuresMedium

What is the time complexity of searching for a key in a balanced binary search tree?

  1. AO(n log n)
  2. BO(n)
  3. CO(1)
  4. DO(log n)
4.Data structuresHard

Which property must a red-black tree satisfy?

  1. AEvery node must be red
  2. BEvery path from a node to its descendant leaves has the same number of black nodes
  3. CEvery red node must have red children, so red nodes always form unbroken chains to the leaves
  4. DThe root must be red
5.Graph theoryMedium
ABCDEFEuler circuitEuler path, no circuitneither

Does the connected graph have an Euler circuit, an Euler path that is not a circuit, or neither? Click your answer.

|V| = 6|E| = 7
  1. 1Euler circuit
  2. 2Euler path, no circuit
  3. 3neither
6.Graph theoryHard
119315139115ABCDEF

Dijkstra’s algorithm runs from A. Click the vertex that is settled (made permanent) in round 5; A itself is round 1.

start: Around 5
  1. 1A
  2. 2B
  3. 3C
  4. 4D
  5. 5E
  6. 6F

3Solutions

1.Algorithms & complexity

Answer: B · O(n)

Why this is the answer

n + n = 2n, and constant factors are dropped, so the function is O(n).

Answer

B · O(n)
2.Algorithms & complexity

Answer: B · The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is NP-complete

Why this is the answer

Cook and Levin showed independently that every problem in NP reduces to SAT in polynomial time, so SAT was the first known NP-complete problem.

Answer

B · The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is NP-complete
3.Data structures

Answer: D · O(log n)

Why this is the answer

A balanced tree has height about log₂ n, so a search follows one path from root to leaf.

Answer

D · O(log n)
4.Data structures

Answer: B · Every path from a node to its descendant leaves has the same number of black nodes

Why this is the answer

Red-black rules: nodes are red or black, root is black, red nodes have black children, and all paths have equal black-height, keeping height ≤ 2 log₂(n + 1).

Answer

B · Every path from a node to its descendant leaves has the same number of black nodes
5.Graph theory

Answer: Euler path, no circuit

Euler, Hamilton and trees: a connected graph has an Euler circuit (every edge once, back to the start) when every vertex has even degree, and an Euler path that is not a circuit when exactly two vertices have odd degree; the path then runs from one odd vertex to the other. A Hamilton circuit visits every vertex once; Kn has (n − 1)!/2 of them. A tree on n vertices has n − 1 edges, and a connected graph with m edges keeps a spanning tree after removing m − n + 1 edges.

Degrees

deg(A) = 1, deg(B) = 2, deg(C) = 2, deg(D) = 3, deg(E) = 4, deg(F) = 2

Odd vertices

A, D → 2
Euler path, no circuit

Answer

Euler path, no circuit

The Euler path starts at one odd vertex and ends at the other.

6.Graph theory

Answer: F

Shortest paths and spanning trees: Dijkstra’s algorithm settles one vertex per round: the unsettled vertex with the smallest tentative distance. Its distance is then final, and every neighbour v gets d(v) = min(d(v), d(u) + w(u, v)). Kruskal’s algorithm builds a minimum spanning tree by taking the edges from light to heavy and skipping any edge that would close a cycle; Prim’s algorithm grows one tree from a start vertex by always adding the lightest edge that leaves it. A spanning tree of n vertices has n − 1 edges.

Dijkstra round by round

1. A (0): B: 11, C: 9
2. C (9): E: 22
3. B (11): D: 26
4. E (22): F: 23
5. F (23)
6. D (26)

round 5

F

Answer

F

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