Data Structures and Algorithms: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Formulas and methods

Graph theory

Handshake lemma
Σ deg(v) = 2|E|
Complete graphs
|E(Kn)| = n(n − 1)/2, |E(Km,n)| = m·n
Regular graph
|E| = n·k/2
Tree and forest
|E| = n − 1, |E| = n − c
Leaves of a tree
L = 2 + Σ (deg(v) − 2) over deg(v) ≥ 3
Euler
circuit: all degrees even; path: exactly 2 odd degrees
Hamilton circuits in Kn
(n − 1)!/2
Dijkstra update
d(v) = min(d(v), d(u) + w(u, v))
Walks of length L
(Mᴸ)ij

Method

  1. Write down the degree of every vertex; the degrees add up to twice the number of edges.
  2. For Euler questions, check that the graph is connected and count the vertices with odd degree.
  3. For trees, use n − 1 edges and the handshake lemma.
  4. For Dijkstra, keep a table of tentative distances and settle the smallest unsettled vertex each round.
  5. For a minimum spanning tree, sort the edges by weight and skip every edge that closes a cycle (Kruskal), or grow one tree from a start vertex (Prim).

2Practice problems

1.Algorithms & complexityMedium

What does the recurrence T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(1) solve to?

  1. AO(n log n)
  2. BO(n²)
  3. CO(n)
  4. DO(log n)
2.Algorithms & complexityHard

What would follow if someone found a polynomial-time algorithm for one NP-complete problem?

  1. AEvery problem in NP could be solved in polynomial time, so P = NP
  2. BThe halting problem would become decidable
  3. CAll exponential-time algorithms would immediately run in linear time
  4. DOnly that one problem would move into P
3.Data structuresMedium

A binary tree has root 1 with left child 2 and right child 3; node 2 has children 4 (left) and 5 (right). What is the postorder traversal?

  1. A1 2 4 5 3
  2. B4 2 5 1 3
  3. C5 4 3 2 1
  4. D4 5 2 3 1
4.Data structuresHard

What are the time and extra space costs of reversing a singly linked list in place?

  1. AO(n) time and O(1) extra space
  2. BO(1) time and O(1) extra space
  3. CO(n log n) time and O(1) extra space
  4. DO(n) time and O(n) extra space
5.Graph theoryMedium
ABCDEFEuler circuitEuler path, no circuitneither

Does the connected graph have an Euler circuit, an Euler path that is not a circuit, or neither? Click your answer.

|V| = 6|E| = 6
  1. 1Euler circuit
  2. 2Euler path, no circuit
  3. 3neither
6.Graph theoryHard
8215611117203ABCDEF

Find the total weight W of a minimum spanning tree of the weighted graph.

|V| = 6|E| = 9
W =

3Solutions

1.Algorithms & complexity

Answer: C · O(n)

Why this is the answer

By the master theorem nlog₂ 2 = n dominates the constant work, so T(n) = Θ(n), as when finding a maximum by splitting in halves.

Answer

C · O(n)
2.Algorithms & complexity

Answer: A · Every problem in NP could be solved in polynomial time, so P = NP

Why this is the answer

Since all of NP reduces to any NP-complete problem in polynomial time, a fast algorithm for one gives a fast algorithm for all.

Answer

A · Every problem in NP could be solved in polynomial time, so P = NP
3.Data structures

Answer: D · 4 5 2 3 1

Why this is the answer

Postorder processes 4 and 5 before 2, then 3, and finally the root 1.

Answer

D · 4 5 2 3 1
4.Data structures

Answer: A · O(n) time and O(1) extra space

Why this is the answer

Keeping three pointers (previous, current, next) lets you reverse each link in one pass without allocating new nodes.

Answer

A · O(n) time and O(1) extra space
5.Graph theory

Answer: neither

Euler, Hamilton and trees: a connected graph has an Euler circuit (every edge once, back to the start) when every vertex has even degree, and an Euler path that is not a circuit when exactly two vertices have odd degree; the path then runs from one odd vertex to the other. A Hamilton circuit visits every vertex once; Kn has (n − 1)!/2 of them. A tree on n vertices has n − 1 edges, and a connected graph with m edges keeps a spanning tree after removing m − n + 1 edges.

Degrees

deg(A) = 1, deg(B) = 3, deg(C) = 2, deg(D) = 2, deg(E) = 3, deg(F) = 1

Odd vertices

A, B, E, F → 4
neither

Answer

neither
6.Graph theory

Answer: W = 31

Shortest paths and spanning trees: Dijkstra’s algorithm settles one vertex per round: the unsettled vertex with the smallest tentative distance. Its distance is then final, and every neighbour v gets d(v) = min(d(v), d(u) + w(u, v)). Kruskal’s algorithm builds a minimum spanning tree by taking the edges from light to heavy and skipping any edge that would close a cycle; Prim’s algorithm grows one tree from a start vertex by always adding the lightest edge that leaves it. A spanning tree of n vertices has n − 1 edges.

Kruskal’s algorithm

DE (1): take
AC (2): take
BE (3): take
BD (6): skip, closes a cycle
AB (8): take
CE (11): skip, closes a cycle
BC (15): skip, closes a cycle
DF (17): take

Total weight

W = 1 + 2 + 3 + 8 + 17 = 31

Answer

W = 31

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