FE Chemical exam practice: cram pack

Steady-state mass balance: in = out for the total and for each component. Blending problems combine both.

Tie component: a component that passes through unchanged in one stream (here the solute) links the flows directly. Then the total balance gives the rest.

Exchanger energy balance: with no losses, ṁ_hc_p,h(T_h,in − T_h,out) = ṁ_cc_p,c(t_out − t_in).

Energy balance with losses: heat released = heat absorbed + heat lost.

Ideal gas law: PV = nRT, with n = m/M.

Ideal gas density: ρ = PM/(RT).

Stoichiometry: a balanced equation counts particles, not grams. Convert mass to moles with n = m/M, use the coefficients of the equation as the mole ratio, then convert back with m = n·M. With two reactants, the limiting reactant is the one that runs out first and fixes how much product forms.

Stoichiometry: a balanced equation counts particles, not grams. Convert mass to moles with n = m/M, use the coefficients of the equation as the mole ratio, then convert back with m = n·M. With two reactants, the limiting reactant is the one that runs out first and fixes how much product forms.

Chemical equilibrium: for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is K_c = [C]^c[D]^d/([A]^a[B]^b), using concentrations at equilibrium. An ICE table (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) links the starting amounts to the equilibrium amounts through one unknown x, scaled by the coefficients.

Chemical equilibrium: for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is K_c = [C]^c[D]^d/([A]^a[B]^b), using concentrations at equilibrium. An ICE table (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) links the starting amounts to the equilibrium amounts through one unknown x, scaled by the coefficients.

Heat and enthalpy: heating a substance takes q = m·c·ΔT. In a calorimeter the heat lost by the hot object equals the heat gained by the cold one. The enthalpy change of a reaction follows from enthalpies of formation: ΔH° = ΣΔH°f(products) − ΣΔH°f(reactants), each multiplied by its coefficient.

Heat and enthalpy: heating a substance takes q = m·c·ΔT. In a calorimeter the heat lost by the hot object equals the heat gained by the cold one. The enthalpy change of a reaction follows from enthalpies of formation: ΔH° = ΣΔH°f(products) − ΣΔH°f(reactants), each multiplied by its coefficient.

Integrated rate laws: zero order: C = C₀ − kt (straight line, t½ = C₀/(2k)); first order: ln(C₀/C) = kt (t½ = ln 2/k); second order: 1/C − 1/C₀ = kt (t½ = 1/(kC₀)). Conversion X means C = C₀(1 − X).

Method of initial rates: for r = k·Cⁿ, comparing two runs that differ only in the starting concentration removes k: r₂/r₁ = (C₂/C₁)ⁿ. Doubling C doubles the rate for first order and quadruples it for second order.

Ideal reactors, first-order reaction (−r_A = k·C_A) at steady state, with space time τ = V/Q. A CSTR is perfectly mixed, so the whole volume reacts at the low outlet concentration: τ = X/(k·(1 − X)) and C_A = C_A0/(1 + k·τ). In a PFR each slice of fluid reacts like a small batch reactor: τ = ln(1/(1 − X))/k and C_A = C_A0·e^−k·τ. For the same conversion a CSTR always needs more volume than a PFR.

Ideal reactors, first-order reaction (−r_A = k·C_A) at steady state, with space time τ = V/Q. A CSTR is perfectly mixed, so the whole volume reacts at the low outlet concentration: τ = X/(k·(1 − X)) and C_A = C_A0/(1 + k·τ). In a PFR each slice of fluid reacts like a small batch reactor: τ = ln(1/(1 − X))/k and C_A = C_A0·e^−k·τ. For the same conversion a CSTR always needs more volume than a PFR.

LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔT_lm, with ΔT_lm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔT_lm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.

LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔT_lm, with ΔT_lm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔT_lm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.

Thermal resistance: steady heat flow through layers in series behaves like current through resistors in series: Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR, with R = L/(kA) for a conducting layer and R = 1/(hA) for a convecting surface. The temperature drop across each layer is proportional to its resistance.

Thermal resistance: steady heat flow through layers in series behaves like current through resistors in series: Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR, with R = L/(kA) for a conducting layer and R = 1/(hA) for a convecting surface. The temperature drop across each layer is proportional to its resistance.

Pipe flow: the Reynolds number Re = V·D/ν = ρ·V·D/μ tells laminar flow (Re below about 2000) from turbulent flow (above about 4000). Friction along a pipe costs the Darcy–Weisbach head loss h_f = f·(L/D)·V²/(2g). Fittings, valves, the entrance and the exit add minor losses h_m = ΣK·V²/(2g). Between two open reservoir surfaces the energy equation gives Δz = h_f + h_m, with the exit loss K = 1 included.

Pipe flow: the Reynolds number Re = V·D/ν = ρ·V·D/μ tells laminar flow (Re below about 2000) from turbulent flow (above about 4000). Friction along a pipe costs the Darcy–Weisbach head loss h_f = f·(L/D)·V²/(2g). Fittings, valves, the entrance and the exit add minor losses h_m = ΣK·V²/(2g). Between two open reservoir surfaces the energy equation gives Δz = h_f + h_m, with the exit loss K = 1 included.

Pump power: the power given to the water is the hydraulic power P_h = ρ·g·Q·H = Q·Δp. The shaft must deliver more because the pump loses some: P_shaft = P_h/η_pump, and the motor draws P_el = P_shaft/η_motor. The pump head H follows from the energy equation: static lift + pressure head + all friction and minor losses.

Pump power: the power given to the water is the hydraulic power P_h = ρ·g·Q·H = Q·Δp. The shaft must deliver more because the pump loses some: P_shaft = P_h/η_pump, and the motor draws P_el = P_shaft/η_motor. The pump head H follows from the energy equation: static lift + pressure head + all friction and minor losses.