1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Which of these is an ill-defined problem?
- ASolving an anagram
- BFinding the sum of two numbers
- CDesigning a pleasant garden
- DCompleting a Tower of Hanoi puzzle
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Patient D.F. could not report the orientation of a slot but could accurately post a card through it. Milner and Goodale used this to support the idea of:
- AFeature binding through focused spatial attention
- BA single visual system used for every visual task
- CSeparate visual streams for perception and action
- DEarly selection of attention before perception
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Which feature is typical of infant-directed speech ("parentese")?
- AFast speech with very few pauses
- BLong sentences with complex grammar
- CA flat, quiet and monotonous tone
- DHigher pitch and exaggerated intonation
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In Tronick's "still-face" procedure, a mother suddenly stops responding and keeps a neutral face. Infants typically react by:
- ATrying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
- BSmiling and babbling much more than before the change
- CIgnoring the change and carrying on playing as before
- DTurning to the experimenter instead and staying calm throughout
5.Social psychologyMedium
On Halloween, children who were anonymous and in groups took more sweets than allowed, compared with children who had been asked their names. This illustrates:
- ASocial facilitation
- BThe foot-in-the-door effect
- CDeindividuation
- DGroup polarisation
6.Social psychologyHard
Bond and Smith's meta-analysis of Asch-type studies found that conformity was:
- AHigher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
- BRising steadily in the USA since the 1950s
- CHigher in individualist than in collectivist cultures
- DExactly the same in all countries and time periods
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which statement about the monoamine hypothesis of depression is most accurate?
- AIt proves that depression is caused only by low dopamine in the frontal lobe
- BIt has been fully confirmed by direct measurements of serotonin levels in the brains of living patients
- CIt links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
- DIt predicts that antidepressants improve mood within a few hours of a dose
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Expressed emotion research shows that relapse in schizophrenia is more likely when families show:
- ALow levels of contact
- BWarm, calm support
- CHigh criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
- DFrequent discussion of the weather
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Designing a pleasant garden
Why this is the answer
Ill-defined problems lack a clear goal, starting state or set of operators. Well-defined problems, like anagrams or puzzles, have clear rules and a clear solution.
Answer
C · Designing a pleasant garden
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Separate visual streams for perception and action
Why this is the answer
D.F.'s ventral stream damage impaired conscious perception of form, while her intact dorsal stream still guided actions, supporting the two-streams hypothesis.
Answer
C · Separate visual streams for perception and action
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Higher pitch and exaggerated intonation
Why this is the answer
Infant-directed speech uses higher pitch, slower pace, simple words and exaggerated intonation. Infants prefer it and it may help them pick out words.
Answer
D · Higher pitch and exaggerated intonation
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Trying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
Why this is the answer
Infants respond with attempts to regain contact, then distress and withdrawal, showing that even young infants expect contingent social responses.
Answer
A · Trying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Deindividuation
Why this is the answer
Diener and colleagues found that anonymity and group membership increased rule-breaking, consistent with deindividuation theory.
Answer
C · Deindividuation
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · Higher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
Why this is the answer
Conformity was higher in collectivist countries and had declined over time in the USA, suggesting conformity is shaped by cultural values.
Answer
A · Higher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
Why this is the answer
The hypothesis grew from the effects of drugs on monoamines. The delay of several weeks before benefit suggests that downstream changes, such as receptor adaptation, matter too.
Answer
C · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
Why this is the answer
High expressed emotion predicts higher relapse rates; family interventions that reduce it lower relapse.
Answer
C · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
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