Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Loftus and Palmer's car crash study showed that:
Change blindness experiments show that people often:
Which attachment type is shown by an infant who is very distressed at separation and both seeks and resists contact at reunion?
Hodges and Tizard followed children raised in institutions until after age 2, some later adopted and some returned to their birth families. At age 16, a common finding across both groups was:
Aronson and Mills found that women who went through an embarrassing initiation to join a dull discussion group rated it more positively than those with a mild initiation. This is:
Fischer and colleagues' meta-analysis of the bystander effect found that it was weaker when:
In Beck's cognitive model of depression, the "cognitive triad" consists of negative views about:
Which evidence best supports CBT as a treatment for anxiety disorders, rather than a placebo effect?
Answer: B · The wording of a question can change eyewitness memory
Participants who heard "smashed" estimated higher speeds and were more likely to falsely remember broken glass, showing that leading questions alter memory.
Answer: D · Fail to notice large changes in a scene when the change happens during a brief interruption
When a visual change coincides with a disruption (a blink, a cut, a passing door), people frequently miss it, showing we store far less detail than we feel we do.
Answer: D · Insecure-resistant (ambivalent)
Insecure-resistant infants are highly upset when the caregiver leaves and show ambivalence on reunion, seeking contact but also pushing away.
Answer: A · Difficulties in peer relationships
Adopted children often formed close bonds with adoptive parents, but both groups showed more problems with peers, suggesting lasting effects of early institutional care.
Answer: B · Effort justification
Effort justification is a form of dissonance reduction: people come to value something more when they have suffered or worked hard to get it.
Answer: D · The emergency was clearly dangerous
In dangerous emergencies, the need is obvious and bystanders may also provide physical support, so the reduction in helping caused by others is smaller.
Answer: D · Oneself, the world and the future
Beck proposed that depressed people hold negative views of the self, the world (or experiences) and the future, maintained by cognitive distortions.
Answer: D · Randomised trials show CBT outperforms credible attention-placebo control conditions
Showing superiority over a credible placebo control rules out non-specific factors as the only explanation. Many trials and meta-analyses report this for CBT in anxiety disorders.
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