1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A friend walking away from you does not seem to shrink, even though their image on your retina gets smaller. This is called:
- AShape constancy
- BSize constancy
- CLinear perspective
- DFigure–ground organisation
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
People judge that more English words begin with K than have K as the third letter, although the reverse is true. Which heuristic explains this?
- AAvailability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
- BAnchoring: the letter K is the first value people are given
- CFraming: the question describes the words as a loss
- DRepresentativeness: K-words look like typical English words
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Fantz showed infants pairs of patterns and measured how long they looked at each. Many young infants looked longest at:
- ABlank grey cards
- BFace-like patterns
- CPlain coloured discs
- DPrinted text
4.Developmental psychologyHard
An irritable, difficult baby tends to receive harsher parenting than a calm baby. This is an example of which gene–environment correlation?
- AActive (niche-picking)
- BPassive
- CGene–environment independence
- DEvocative
5.Social psychologyMedium
Social exchange theory proposes that relationships continue when:
- ARewards outweigh costs compared with alternatives
- BOne partner holds more power than the other one
- CPartners live close to each other and see each other often
- DPartners are similar in age and background
6.Social psychologyHard
In the Clarks' doll studies, many Black children preferred a white doll and described it as "nice". This research was cited in a US court case because it suggested:
- ADoll preferences are fully innate
- BSegregation harmed Black children's self-image
- CYoung children have no racial awareness
- DSegregated schools improved self-esteem
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Exposure and response prevention is the main psychological treatment for:
- AInsomnia
- BOCD
- CADHD
- DBipolar disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A therapist asks a client to rate the evidence for and against the thought "I always fail". Which technique is this?
- ACognitive restructuring
- BSystematic desensitisation
- CFree association
- DToken economy
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Size constancy
Why this is the answer
Size constancy keeps the perceived size of an object stable despite changes in retinal image size, by combining image size with perceived distance.
Answer
B · Size constancy
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Availability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
Why this is the answer
Tversky and Kahneman showed that ease of retrieval drives frequency judgements. Memory is organised by initial letters, so those examples come to mind more easily.
Answer
A · Availability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Face-like patterns
Why this is the answer
Fantz's research suggested that even very young infants prefer complex, face-like stimuli, supporting an early bias towards social information.
Answer
B · Face-like patterns
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Evocative
Why this is the answer
In evocative correlations, a child's inherited characteristics evoke reactions from the environment. Scarr and McCartney also described passive and active correlations.
Answer
D · Evocative
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · Rewards outweigh costs compared with alternatives
Why this is the answer
Thibaut and Kelley argued people weigh rewards against costs, compared with their expectations and with available alternatives, when deciding to stay.
Answer
A · Rewards outweigh costs compared with alternatives
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · Segregation harmed Black children's self-image
Why this is the answer
The findings were used to argue that segregation caused psychological harm, contributing to the US Supreme Court ruling that segregated schools were unconstitutional.
Answer
B · Segregation harmed Black children's self-image
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · OCD
Why this is the answer
ERP exposes patients to obsessional triggers while preventing compulsions, so anxiety falls without the ritual.
Answer
B · OCD
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Cognitive restructuring
Why this is the answer
Cognitive restructuring identifies automatic thoughts, examines evidence and replaces distortions such as overgeneralisation with balanced thoughts.
Answer
A · Cognitive restructuring
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