Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Baddeley added the episodic buffer to the working memory model to explain how working memory:
In Luchins' water jar problems, after solving several problems with the formula B − A − 2C, many participants kept using it even when a simpler solution (A − C) worked. This shows:
In Vygotsky's theory, an older sibling who helps a child learn to tie shoelaces is acting as:
Parents who love reading pass on genes linked to verbal ability and also fill the house with books. This is which gene–environment correlation?
In Asch's impression studies, changing one word in a list of traits from "warm" to "cold" greatly changed the overall impression. This suggests "warm" is a:
Fischer and colleagues' meta-analysis of the bystander effect found that it was weaker when:
Motivational interviewing is especially used to help clients who:
A patient has had psychotic symptoms for a year; for several weeks they had hallucinations without any mood episode, while at other times psychosis occurred during major depressive episodes. Which diagnosis is most likely?
Answer: D · Binds information from different sources and from long-term memory
The episodic buffer (added in 2000) is a limited-capacity store that binds information from the subsystems and long-term memory into integrated episodes.
Answer: B · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
Einstellung is a mental set: prior success with one method makes people repeat it and miss easier alternatives. Functional fixedness concerns objects' uses, not methods.
Answer: C · A more knowledgeable other
The more knowledgeable other is a person with more skill who guides the learner within the zone of proximal development. It can be a parent, teacher or peer.
Answer: D · Passive
In passive correlations, biological parents provide both genes and an environment that fits them. This is strongest in early childhood.
Answer: B · Central trait
Central traits such as warm and cold shape how other traits are interpreted, while peripheral traits have little effect on the overall impression.
Answer: D · The emergency was clearly dangerous
In dangerous emergencies, the need is obvious and bystanders may also provide physical support, so the reduction in helping caused by others is smaller.
Answer: B · Feel ambivalent about changing a behaviour such as drinking
Motivational interviewing (Miller and Rollnick) is a collaborative style that resolves ambivalence and strengthens the client's own motivation for change, widely used in addiction.
Answer: D · Schizoaffective disorder
Schizoaffective disorder involves a mood episode together with schizophrenia symptoms, plus at least two weeks of psychosis without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.
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