1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
The idea that the language you speak influences how you think and perceive the world is known as:
- AUniversal grammar
- BSemantic priming
- CLinguistic relativity
- DPhonemic restoration
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Countries where people are organ donors unless they opt out have far higher donor rates than countries where people must opt in. This is best explained by:
- ABelief bias in moral reasoning about donation
- BThe default effect and status quo bias
- CThe availability heuristic
- DThe sunk cost fallacy
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
An 18-year-old becomes a dentist like her parents expected, without ever considering other options. In Marcia's model, her identity status is:
- AForeclosure
- BIdentity achievement
- CMoratorium
- DIdentity diffusion
4.Developmental psychologyHard
On a visual cliff set to a moderate drop, most infants crossed when their mother smiled but few crossed when she showed fear. This shows:
- AThat infants cannot perceive depth
- BThat infants ignore their caregivers' facial expressions in new situations
- CImprinting on the mother's face
- DSocial referencing: using a caregiver's emotion to guide behaviour
5.Social psychologyMedium
On Halloween, children who were anonymous and in groups took more sweets than allowed, compared with children who had been asked their names. This illustrates:
- ADeindividuation
- BGroup polarisation
- CThe foot-in-the-door effect
- DSocial facilitation
6.Social psychologyHard
Pettigrew and Tropp's meta-analysis of over 500 studies on intergroup contact found that:
- AContact has no measurable effect once prior attitudes are controlled
- BContact reduces prejudice only if all of Allport's conditions are met
- CContact usually increases prejudice unless groups are kept apart
- DContact usually reduces prejudice; Allport's conditions add to it
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which side effect is a long-term risk of first-generation (typical) antipsychotics?
- ATardive dyskinesia
- BSerotonin syndrome
- CPhysical dependence like benzodiazepines
- DHypertensive crisis after cheese
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Expressed emotion research shows that relapse in schizophrenia is more likely when families show:
- AHigh criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
- BLow levels of contact
- CWarm, calm support
- DFrequent discussion of the weather
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Linguistic relativity
Why this is the answer
The linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf) hypothesis proposes that language shapes thought. The strong version is largely rejected; weaker effects have some support.
Answer
C · Linguistic relativity
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · The default effect and status quo bias
Why this is the answer
People tend to stick with the default option because changing requires effort and the default may seem recommended. Johnson and Goldstein showed large differences in consent rates.
Answer
B · The default effect and status quo bias
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Foreclosure
Why this is the answer
Foreclosure means commitment to goals or values adopted from others without personal exploration. Achievement involves commitment after exploration.
Answer
A · Foreclosure
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Social referencing: using a caregiver's emotion to guide behaviour
Why this is the answer
Sorce and colleagues showed that in ambiguous situations infants look to caregivers' emotional expressions and adjust their actions accordingly.
Answer
D · Social referencing: using a caregiver's emotion to guide behaviour
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · Deindividuation
Why this is the answer
Diener and colleagues found that anonymity and group membership increased rule-breaking, consistent with deindividuation theory.
Answer
A · Deindividuation
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Contact usually reduces prejudice; Allport's conditions add to it
Why this is the answer
Contact was linked to lower prejudice across many groups and settings. Optimal conditions made the effect larger, but they were not essential for some reduction.
Answer
D · Contact usually reduces prejudice; Allport's conditions add to it
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Tardive dyskinesia
Why this is the answer
Long-term dopamine blockade can cause tardive dyskinesia, with involuntary repetitive movements of the face, tongue and limbs, which may be irreversible.
Answer
A · Tardive dyskinesia
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
Why this is the answer
High expressed emotion predicts higher relapse rates; family interventions that reduce it lower relapse.
Answer
A · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
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