Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Which statement best describes top-down processing in perception?
Strayer and Johnston found that hands-free phone conversations impaired simulated driving about as much as hand-held ones. What does this suggest?
Which feature is typical of infant-directed speech ("parentese")?
A teacher plans maths lessons. Which plan fits Vygotsky's view better than Piaget's?
A message from a low-credibility source becomes more persuasive weeks later, as people forget where it came from. This is the:
A teenager adopts the style and opinions of an admired older cousin, but drops them once the two are no longer close. Kelman would call this:
Behavioural activation treats depression mainly by:
Ayllon and Azrin introduced a token economy on a psychiatric ward. What was the main finding and limitation?
Answer: A · Expectations and knowledge shape how we interpret sensory input
Top-down processing uses prior knowledge, expectations and context to interpret sensations. Bottom-up processing starts from the stimulus features.
Answer: C · The main cost of phoning while driving is attentional, not manual
Because the impairment did not depend on holding the phone, it arises from dividing attention between the conversation and the driving task.
Answer: D · Higher pitch and exaggerated intonation
Infant-directed speech uses higher pitch, slower pace, simple words and exaggerated intonation. Infants prefer it and it may help them pick out words.
Answer: D · Pair pupils with a more skilled partner and give guided help just beyond their level
Vygotsky argued that instruction can lead development through guided interaction. Piaget emphasised readiness and independent discovery.
Answer: A · Sleeper effect
Hovland found that the discounting cue (an untrustworthy source) fades from memory faster than the message, so persuasion can increase over time.
Answer: C · Identification
Identification is adopting behaviours or attitudes to be like a valued person or group. It is deeper than compliance but less permanent than internalisation.
Answer: D · Increasing engagement in rewarding and valued activities
Behavioural activation schedules activities that bring pleasure or mastery, breaking the cycle of withdrawal and low reinforcement. It is an evidence-based treatment for depression.
Answer: D · Target behaviours increased, but gains often did not generalise outside the ward
Token economies increased self-care and work behaviours in long-stay patients, but changes tended to fade without reinforcement, and the approach raised ethical concerns about control.
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