Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
The cognitive interview is used by police to improve eyewitness recall. Which technique does it include?
Chase and Simon showed chess positions briefly to experts and novices. Experts recalled real game positions much better, but not random positions. This suggests expertise relies on:
Baumrind's authoritative parenting style combines:
In sociometric studies, how do "rejected" children differ from "neglected" children?
On a New York subway, a man who collapsed while carrying a cane was helped more often than a man who smelt of alcohol. Which model best explains this?
In Tajfel's minimal group studies, boys allocated points between an in-group and an out-group member. They often preferred options that:
Which treatment is recommended as first-line for chronic insomnia in adults?
A study compares a new therapy with a waiting-list control and finds a large benefit. Why might this overestimate the therapy's specific effect?
Answer: D · Mentally reinstating the context of the event
The cognitive interview uses context reinstatement, reporting every detail, recalling in different orders and from different perspectives, which increases correct recall.
Answer: B · Chunks of meaningful patterns stored in long-term memory
Experts recognise familiar configurations as chunks, so they can encode more pieces at once. Their general memory capacity is not larger.
Answer: B · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
Authoritative parents are responsive and set firm, reasoned limits; this style is associated with good social and academic outcomes in many studies.
Answer: C · Rejected children are disliked; neglected ones are rarely named
Rejected children receive many negative and few positive nominations and are at greater risk of later problems. Neglected children receive few nominations of either kind.
Answer: D · The arousal: cost–reward model
Piliavin and colleagues proposed that bystanders weigh the costs of helping and not helping. Higher perceived costs made helping the "drunk" less likely.
Answer: B · Maximised the gap in their group's favour, even at a cost
Boys chose to give their group more than the other group even if it meant less for their own group overall, suggesting that positive distinctiveness drives favouritism.
Answer: D · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
CBT-I combines sleep restriction, stimulus control, sleep hygiene and cognitive techniques. It has lasting effects and is recommended before hypnotic drugs.
Answer: D · A waiting list controls for time passing but not for attention, expectation or the alliance
Waiting-list designs show that therapy beats no treatment, but common factors such as hope and therapist contact are not controlled. An active comparison or attention-placebo control is needed to test specific ingredients.
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