1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Students given a coffee mug ask for a much higher price to sell it than other students will pay to buy it. This is the:
- AEndowment effect
- BSunk cost fallacy
- CGambler's fallacy
- DAnchoring effect
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Gick and Holyoak gave participants a story about an army attacking a fortress from many sides, then Duncker's radiation problem. What did they find?
- AAlmost everyone used the analogy without needing any hint
- BNobody could solve the radiation problem, even with a hint
- CFew used the analogy until told the story might help
- DThe story made the radiation problem harder to solve
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Asked about the Heinz dilemma, a teenager says "Heinz should steal the drug because a good husband would do that for his wife". This reasoning is at Kohlberg's:
- ASensorimotor level
- BConventional level
- CPre-conventional level
- DPost-conventional level
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith gave the Sally–Anne task to autistic children, children with Down syndrome and typical children. Most autistic children failed, while most children with Down syndrome passed. Why was the Down syndrome group important?
- AIt showed autistic children have poor eyesight
- BIt showed the task is too hard for anyone under 10
- CIt showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
- DIt showed that all three groups have exactly the same theory of mind
5.Social psychologyMedium
Burger's 2009 partial replication of Milgram stopped at 150 volts for ethical reasons. What did it find?
- AObedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
- BAlmost nobody obeyed in a modern sample
- CObedience was far higher than in Milgram's study
- DWomen nearly always refused to continue
6.Social psychologyHard
Janis used the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion as a case study. Which feature of the planning group fits his account of groupthink?
- AMembers suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
- BThe leader insisted on hearing all objections
- CMany independent experts openly criticised the plan
- DThe group took a long time to reach a decision
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
A patient feels intense anxiety about having a serious illness despite having few or no bodily symptoms and repeated normal tests. Which diagnosis fits best?
- AFactitious disorder
- BFunctional neurological symptom disorder
- CIllness anxiety disorder
- DSomatic symptom disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A researcher finds that adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia develop it more often than adoptees whose biological mothers did not, despite being raised by unaffected families. What does this design help to separate?
- AThe effects of antipsychotic medication from the effects of psychological therapy
- BPositive symptoms from negative symptoms
- CGenetic influences from the effects of the rearing environment
- DDiagnosis by DSM from diagnosis by ICD
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Endowment effect
Why this is the answer
The endowment effect is the tendency to value an item more once we own it. It is often explained by loss aversion: giving it up feels like a loss.
Answer
A · Endowment effect
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
Why this is the answer
Analogical transfer often fails because people do not notice the deep structural similarity between problems with different surface features. A hint greatly increased transfer.
Answer
C · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Conventional level
Why this is the answer
At the conventional level, morality is based on being a good person in others' eyes (stage 3) and on maintaining social order (stage 4).
Answer
B · Conventional level
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · It showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
Why this is the answer
Because the Down syndrome group passed despite lower verbal mental age, the autistic group's failure pointed to a specific difficulty with theory of mind.
Answer
C · It showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
Why this is the answer
Most participants who continue past 150 volts tend to go to the end, so Burger used it as a safe cut-off. Obedience at that point was only slightly lower than Milgram's.
Answer
A · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
Why this is the answer
Janis described symptoms such as self-censorship, an illusion of unanimity and pressure on dissenters, leading to a poorly examined plan.
Answer
A · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Illness anxiety disorder
Why this is the answer
Illness anxiety disorder involves preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness with minimal somatic symptoms. Somatic symptom disorder centres on distressing symptoms and excessive thoughts about them.
Answer
C · Illness anxiety disorder
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Genetic influences from the effects of the rearing environment
Why this is the answer
Adoption studies, such as Heston's and the Danish studies, separate genetic risk from family environment because the child is raised away from the biological parent.
Answer
C · Genetic influences from the effects of the rearing environment
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