1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
People often accept an invalid syllogism if its conclusion sounds true, such as "Some vitamins are healthy". This is called:
- ABelief bias
- BSelf-serving bias
- CHindsight bias
- DAnchoring
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In the Wason selection task, cards show E, K, 4 and 7. The rule is "If a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other". Which cards must be turned to test the rule?
- AE only
- BE and 7
- CE and 4
- DE, 4 and 7
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
An infant in the Strange Situation approaches the parent with the head turned away, then freezes. Contradictory behaviour like this indicates which attachment type?
- AInsecure-avoidant
- BDisorganised
- CInsecure-resistant
- DSecure
4.Developmental psychologyHard
An irritable, difficult baby tends to receive harsher parenting than a calm baby. This is an example of which gene–environment correlation?
- AActive (niche-picking)
- BEvocative
- CPassive
- DGene–environment independence
5.Social psychologyMedium
Everyone laughs at a comedian, Sam laughs at this comedian but at no others, and Sam always laughs at her. Using Kelley's covariation model, the cause is most likely:
- AChance circumstances
- BSam's personality
- CSam's mood that night
- DThe comedian
6.Social psychologyHard
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures attitudes by:
- AMeasuring heart rate while participants talk with out-group members
- BAsking direct questions about prejudice
- CReaction times when pairing concepts with evaluative words
- DObserving behaviour in natural settings
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Clozapine is typically reserved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia because:
- AIt can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
- BIt cannot be taken as tablets
- CIt is the least effective antipsychotic available, so it is a last resort
- DIt only works on negative symptoms
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A client with OCD checks the stove twenty times before leaving home. Why does checking maintain the disorder, according to the cognitive-behavioural model?
- AChecking is mainly caused by low intelligence and poor working memory
- BChecking raises anxiety each time, which punishes and gradually weakens the urge to check
- CRelief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
- DChecking produces a strong pleasure that the client becomes addicted to
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Belief bias
Why this is the answer
Belief bias is the tendency to judge arguments by how believable their conclusions are rather than by whether the conclusion follows logically.
Answer
A · Belief bias
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · E and 7
Why this is the answer
Only a vowel with an odd number falsifies the rule, so check E (odd on back?) and 7 (vowel on back?). Most people choose E and 4, which reflects a matching or confirmation tendency.
Answer
B · E and 7
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Disorganised
Why this is the answer
Disorganised attachment involves contradictory or confused behaviour with no clear strategy. It is more common when caregiving is frightening or maltreating.
Answer
B · Disorganised
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Evocative
Why this is the answer
In evocative correlations, a child's inherited characteristics evoke reactions from the environment. Scarr and McCartney also described passive and active correlations.
Answer
B · Evocative
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · The comedian
Why this is the answer
When consensus, distinctiveness and consistency are all high, people attribute the behaviour to the stimulus (the comedian), not the person.
Answer
D · The comedian
6.Social psychology
Answer: C · Reaction times when pairing concepts with evaluative words
Why this is the answer
The IAT compares response times for categorisation tasks; faster responses for some pairings are taken to indicate stronger automatic associations. Its predictive validity for behaviour is debated.
Answer
C · Reaction times when pairing concepts with evaluative words
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · It can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
Why this is the answer
Clozapine is effective when other antipsychotics fail, but it can cause a dangerous fall in neutrophils, so patients need regular blood tests.
Answer
A · It can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Relief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
Why this is the answer
Compulsions are negatively reinforced by short-term relief and stop the person learning that anxiety falls on its own. This is why ERP blocks the ritual.
Answer
C · Relief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/introduction-to-psychology