1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A student who studied while drinking coffee recalls more when tested after drinking coffee. This illustrates:
- AThe spacing effect
- BThe serial position effect
- CFlashbulb memory
- DState-dependent memory
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
According to Lavie's load theory of attention, an irrelevant distractor is most likely to be processed when:
- AThe main task has low perceptual load
- BThe distractor is presented to the blind spot
- CThe main task has high perceptual load
- DThe participant is told to ignore it
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A 5-year-old says a boy who broke 15 cups by accident is naughtier than a boy who broke 1 cup while stealing jam. Piaget called this:
- AFormal operational moral thought
- BPost-conventional moral reasoning
- CHeteronomous morality (moral realism)
- DAutonomous morality (moral relativism)
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Which finding challenges the idea that attachment forms only with the mother?
- ASchaffer and Emerson found many infants form multiple attachments, including to fathers
- BBowlby found no effect of separation
- CInfants only attach to the person who feeds them
- DHarlow's monkeys preferred wire mothers
5.Social psychologyMedium
Adorno and colleagues linked prejudice to an "authoritarian personality". This personality was thought to develop from:
- AMembership of trivial or minimal groups
- BA strict, harsh upbringing with conditional love
- CCompetition for jobs and housing in adulthood
- DA permissive upbringing with very few rules or limits
6.Social psychologyHard
In Milgram's study, the shock level rose in small 15-volt steps. Why might this gradual increase have raised obedience?
- AIt reduced the pressure coming from the experimenter's instructions
- BParticipants did not notice that the voltage was changing at all
- CSmall steps meant the shocks felt exactly the same to the learner each time
- DEach small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Exposure and response prevention is the main psychological treatment for:
- AInsomnia
- BADHD
- CBipolar disorder
- DOCD
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A 22-year-old has had hallucinations and delusions for two months, after which they fully resolve. No mood episode occurred. Which diagnosis fits best?
- ASchizophrenia
- BSchizophreniform disorder
- CBrief psychotic disorder
- DSchizoaffective disorder
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · State-dependent memory
Why this is the answer
State-dependent memory is better recall when one's internal physiological or emotional state at retrieval matches the state at encoding.
Answer
D · State-dependent memory
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · The main task has low perceptual load
Why this is the answer
When the main task uses little perceptual capacity, leftover capacity processes distractors involuntarily. High perceptual load uses up capacity and reduces distractor processing.
Answer
A · The main task has low perceptual load
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
Why this is the answer
Heteronomous children see rules as fixed and judge actions by the amount of damage. Older, autonomous children take intentions into account.
Answer
C · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Schaffer and Emerson found many infants form multiple attachments, including to fathers
Why this is the answer
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that by 18 months most infants had multiple attachments, and the primary one was not always the mother or the person who fed them.
Answer
A · Schaffer and Emerson found many infants form multiple attachments, including to fathers
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · A strict, harsh upbringing with conditional love
Why this is the answer
Adorno proposed that harsh parenting creates hostility that is displaced onto weaker groups. The theory is criticised for ignoring social and cultural factors.
Answer
B · A strict, harsh upbringing with conditional love
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Each small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
Why this is the answer
Commitment to earlier small steps makes each next step seem acceptable. Refusing would mean admitting that the previous ones were also wrong.
Answer
D · Each small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · OCD
Why this is the answer
ERP exposes patients to obsessional triggers while preventing compulsions, so anxiety falls without the ritual.
Answer
D · OCD
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Schizophreniform disorder
Why this is the answer
Schizophreniform disorder has the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasts between one and six months. Duration is the main feature separating it from brief psychotic disorder and schizophrenia.
Answer
B · Schizophreniform disorder
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