1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
People often accept an invalid syllogism if its conclusion sounds true, such as "Some vitamins are healthy". This is called:
- ASelf-serving bias
- BBelief bias
- CAnchoring
- DHindsight bias
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
The "tip-of-the-tongue" state is evidence that:
- AMemories decay within seconds
- BInformation can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
- CThe information was never encoded
- DLanguage is stored only in short-term memory
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A teenager drives dangerously, believing "accidents happen to other people, not to me". Elkind called this belief the:
- AForeclosure
- BHostile attribution bias
- CPersonal fable
- DImaginary audience
4.Developmental psychologyHard
An irritable, difficult baby tends to receive harsher parenting than a calm baby. This is an example of which gene–environment correlation?
- APassive
- BEvocative
- CActive (niche-picking)
- DGene–environment independence
5.Social psychologyMedium
Rosenthal and Jacobson told teachers that some randomly chosen pupils were about to "bloom" intellectually. Later, these pupils showed larger IQ gains, especially in the youngest classes. This shows:
- AThat the chosen pupils were truly more gifted
- BThat IQ tests given in schools cannot be trusted
- CThat teachers' beliefs have no effect on pupils
- DA self-fulfilling prophecy from teacher expectations
6.Social psychologyHard
The just-world hypothesis can lead people to:
- AIgnore social norms completely
- BHelp victims more readily
- CBelieve that all outcomes are random
- DBlame victims for their misfortune
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
A person has distressing symptoms that started two weeks after a serious car crash and have lasted ten days. Which diagnosis is most appropriate?
- AAcute stress disorder
- BAdjustment disorder
- CGeneralised anxiety disorder
- DPost-traumatic stress disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A student believes "If I'm not perfect, I'm worthless." In Beck's model, this belief is best classed as:
- AA dysfunctional assumption or core belief that makes the person vulnerable
- BA negative symptom of schizophrenia
- CA hallucination that requires antipsychotics
- DA defence mechanism called sublimation, which channels distress into socially valued work
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Belief bias
Why this is the answer
Belief bias is the tendency to judge arguments by how believable their conclusions are rather than by whether the conclusion follows logically.
Answer
B · Belief bias
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Information can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
Why this is the answer
Partial access to a word's features shows that the item is in memory but retrieval fails for the moment, supporting retrieval failure as a cause of forgetting.
Answer
B · Information can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · Personal fable
Why this is the answer
The personal fable is the adolescent belief that one's experiences are unique and that one is protected from harm, which may contribute to risk-taking.
Answer
C · Personal fable
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Evocative
Why this is the answer
In evocative correlations, a child's inherited characteristics evoke reactions from the environment. Scarr and McCartney also described passive and active correlations.
Answer
B · Evocative
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · A self-fulfilling prophecy from teacher expectations
Why this is the answer
Teachers' expectations seem to have changed how they treated the pupils, which improved performance. This is known as the Pygmalion effect.
Answer
D · A self-fulfilling prophecy from teacher expectations
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Blame victims for their misfortune
Why this is the answer
Believing the world is fair can lead people to derogate or blame victims to maintain the belief that bad things happen only to those who deserve them.
Answer
D · Blame victims for their misfortune
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Acute stress disorder
Why this is the answer
Acute stress disorder covers trauma symptoms lasting from three days to one month after the event. If symptoms persist beyond a month, PTSD may be diagnosed.
Answer
A · Acute stress disorder
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · A dysfunctional assumption or core belief that makes the person vulnerable
Why this is the answer
Beck distinguished surface negative automatic thoughts from deeper schemas and conditional assumptions. Such beliefs remain dormant until activated by a matching stressor, such as failure.
Answer
A · A dysfunctional assumption or core belief that makes the person vulnerable
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