1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
In Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model, which component handles verbal and acoustic information?
- AThe phonological loop
- BThe visuospatial sketchpad
- CThe episodic buffer
- DThe central executive
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In a city, 85% of cabs are green and 15% are blue. A witness who is correct 80% of the time says the cab in an accident was blue. What is the probability it really was blue?
- AAbout 41%
- BAbout 68%
- CAbout 80%
- DAbout 15%
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Baumrind's authoritative parenting style combines:
- ALow warmth and low involvement
- BLow warmth with strict rules and very little explanation
- CHigh warmth with few rules or demands
- DHigh warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Genie was isolated and given almost no language input until she was found at age 13. Later she learned many words but never mastered grammar. This case is often used to support:
- AThe claim that grammar is learned faster than vocabulary
- BThe idea that age has no effect on language learning
- CThe idea that language is learned only through reinforcement
- DA critical or sensitive period for language acquisition
5.Social psychologyMedium
In Asch's impression studies, changing one word in a list of traits from "warm" to "cold" greatly changed the overall impression. This suggests "warm" is a:
- AStereotype
- BPrimacy cue only
- CPeripheral trait
- DCentral trait
6.Social psychologyHard
Janis used the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion as a case study. Which feature of the planning group fits his account of groupthink?
- AMany independent experts openly criticised the plan
- BThe leader insisted on hearing all objections
- CThe group took a long time to reach a decision
- DMembers suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which treatment is recommended as first-line for chronic insomnia in adults?
- AElectroconvulsive therapy
- BPsychoanalysis
- CCognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
- DLong-term daily benzodiazepines or other hypnotic drugs
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Expressed emotion research shows that relapse in schizophrenia is more likely when families show:
- ALow levels of contact
- BFrequent discussion of the weather
- CHigh criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
- DWarm, calm support
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · The phonological loop
Why this is the answer
The phonological loop stores and rehearses speech-based information. The sketchpad handles visual and spatial information, the central executive directs attention.
Answer
A · The phonological loop
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · About 41%
Why this is the answer
True blue identified as blue: 0.15 × 0.8 = 0.12. Green wrongly called blue: 0.85 × 0.2 = 0.17. So 0.12 / 0.29 ≈ 0.41. Most people answer 80%, neglecting the base rate.
Answer
A · About 41%
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
Why this is the answer
Authoritative parents are responsive and set firm, reasoned limits; this style is associated with good social and academic outcomes in many studies.
Answer
D · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · A critical or sensitive period for language acquisition
Why this is the answer
Genie's limited grammar is consistent with a sensitive period, though the case is confounded by severe abuse and possible earlier disabilities, so it cannot be conclusive.
Answer
D · A critical or sensitive period for language acquisition
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Central trait
Why this is the answer
Central traits such as warm and cold shape how other traits are interpreted, while peripheral traits have little effect on the overall impression.
Answer
D · Central trait
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
Why this is the answer
Janis described symptoms such as self-censorship, an illusion of unanimity and pressure on dissenters, leading to a poorly examined plan.
Answer
D · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
Why this is the answer
CBT-I combines sleep restriction, stimulus control, sleep hygiene and cognitive techniques. It has lasting effects and is recommended before hypnotic drugs.
Answer
C · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
Why this is the answer
High expressed emotion predicts higher relapse rates; family interventions that reduce it lower relapse.
Answer
C · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
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