Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Anchoring bias occurs when:
Chase and Simon showed chess positions briefly to experts and novices. Experts recalled real game positions much better, but not random positions. This suggests expertise relies on:
Scaffolding refers to:
Main's Adult Attachment Interview found that parents who describe their own childhood in a coherent, balanced way tend to have infants who:
Exposing people to weak arguments against their view, along with rebuttals, makes them more resistant to later persuasion. This is:
Moscovici's research showed that a consistent minority can influence a majority mainly through:
Which defence mechanism is shown when someone with strong hostile feelings towards a colleague acts in an excessively friendly way towards them?
Why did DSM-5 replace "substance abuse" and "substance dependence" with a single "substance use disorder"?
Answer: A · An initial number strongly influences a later estimate
In anchoring, people adjust insufficiently from an initial value, even an arbitrary one, when making numerical judgements.
Answer: D · Chunks of meaningful patterns stored in long-term memory
Experts recognise familiar configurations as chunks, so they can encode more pieces at once. Their general memory capacity is not larger.
Answer: D · Support given to a learner that is reduced as competence grows
Wood, Bruner and Ross described scaffolding as adjustable support that helps a learner work within the zone of proximal development.
Answer: C · Are securely attached in the Strange Situation
Parents classified as "secure-autonomous" on the AAI are more likely to have securely attached infants, consistent with internal working models passing between generations.
Answer: C · Inoculation theory
McGuire's inoculation theory proposes that small doses of counterarguments motivate people to build defences for their attitudes.
Answer: A · Informational influence leading to private, deeper attitude change
A consistent minority makes the majority think about the issue, producing conversion: private change that may appear later, unlike the public compliance typical of majority influence.
Answer: B · Reaction formation
Reaction formation turns an unacceptable impulse into its opposite, often in an exaggerated form.
Answer: B · The two categories were found to reflect one dimension better described by severity levels
Research suggested that abuse and dependence criteria form a single continuum. DSM-5 merged them into one disorder rated by the number of criteria met.
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