1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
"All mammals breathe air. Whales are mammals. Therefore whales breathe air." This is an example of:
- AInductive reasoning
- BDeductive reasoning
- CThe availability heuristic
- DAnalogical reasoning
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In Treisman's feature integration theory, why is finding a red X among red Os and blue Xs slow?
- ARed is processed more slowly than blue
- BLetters cannot be searched visually
- CSingle features cannot be detected without attention
- DCombining features (a conjunction) requires focused attention to each item
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Someone argues that Heinz should steal the drug because the right to life is more important than any property law. This reasoning is:
- APre-conventional
- BConventional
- CPost-conventional
- DHeteronomous
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In Hughes' "policeman doll" study, most children aged 3½–5 could hide a boy doll where two policemen could not see him. How does this relate to Piaget's three mountains task?
- AIt suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
- BIt confirms that young children are fully egocentric
- CIt shows that children cannot take any other person's viewpoint before about age 7
- DIt shows that conservation develops before age 3
5.Social psychologyMedium
Groupthink is most likely when a group:
- AUses a formal devil's advocate
- BSeeks advice from outside experts
- CContains many members who openly disagree and challenge the leader's views
- DIs highly cohesive, isolated and led by a directive leader
6.Social psychologyHard
Students heard a proposal for exams. When told it would affect them personally, argument quality mattered most. When told it would apply in future, the source's expertise mattered most. This supports:
- AThe elaboration likelihood model
- BMcGuire's inoculation theory
- CBrehm's reactance theory
- DLatané's social impact theory
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
A man is socially inhibited, feels inadequate and avoids jobs involving contact with people because he fears criticism, though he wants close relationships. Which disorder fits best?
- ASchizoid personality disorder
- BHistrionic personality disorder
- CAntisocial personality disorder
- DAvoidant personality disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Which brain finding has been repeatedly reported in groups of people with schizophrenia compared with controls?
- AEnlarged lateral ventricles
- BAn enlarged frontal lobe in all patients
- CA tumour in the pituitary gland
- DA complete absence of the hippocampus
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Deductive reasoning
Why this is the answer
In deductive reasoning a valid conclusion must be true if the premises are true. Inductive reasoning generalises from examples and gives only probable conclusions.
Answer
B · Deductive reasoning
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Combining features (a conjunction) requires focused attention to each item
Why this is the answer
Single features are detected in parallel, but conjunctions of features must be bound with serial, focused attention, so search time increases with the number of items.
Answer
D · Combining features (a conjunction) requires focused attention to each item
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · Post-conventional
Why this is the answer
Post-conventional reasoning bases morality on social contracts and universal ethical principles, which can justify breaking a law that conflicts with them.
Answer
C · Post-conventional
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · It suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
Why this is the answer
When perspective taking is embedded in a meaningful game, many preschoolers succeed, suggesting Piaget's task underestimated young children.
Answer
A · It suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Is highly cohesive, isolated and led by a directive leader
Why this is the answer
Janis described groupthink as a drive for consensus that suppresses dissent, typical of cohesive, isolated groups under pressure with a strong leader.
Answer
D · Is highly cohesive, isolated and led by a directive leader
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · The elaboration likelihood model
Why this is the answer
Petty, Cacioppo and Goldman showed that high involvement leads to central-route processing of arguments, while low involvement leads to peripheral cues like expertise.
Answer
A · The elaboration likelihood model
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Avoidant personality disorder
Why this is the answer
Avoidant personality disorder (Cluster C) involves hypersensitivity to negative evaluation and social inhibition. In schizoid personality disorder, the person shows little desire for close relationships.
Answer
D · Avoidant personality disorder
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Enlarged lateral ventricles
Why this is the answer
Enlarged ventricles and reduced grey matter are found on average in schizophrenia. The differences are group averages and are not diagnostic for individuals.
Answer
A · Enlarged lateral ventricles
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/introduction-to-psychology