1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A student who studied while drinking coffee recalls more when tested after drinking coffee. This illustrates:
- AState-dependent memory
- BThe serial position effect
- CFlashbulb memory
- DThe spacing effect
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
According to Lavie's load theory of attention, an irrelevant distractor is most likely to be processed when:
- AThe main task has high perceptual load
- BThe main task has low perceptual load
- CThe distractor is presented to the blind spot
- DThe participant is told to ignore it
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In the Strange Situation, an infant shows little distress when the mother leaves and ignores or turns away from her when she returns. This infant is classed as:
- ADisorganised
- BInsecure-avoidant
- CInsecure-resistant
- DSecurely attached
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In Tronick's "still-face" procedure, a mother suddenly stops responding and keeps a neutral face. Infants typically react by:
- AIgnoring the change and carrying on playing as before
- BTrying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
- CSmiling and babbling much more than before the change
- DTurning to the experimenter instead and staying calm throughout
5.Social psychologyMedium
A message from a low-credibility source becomes more persuasive weeks later, as people forget where it came from. This is the:
- AMere exposure effect
- BPrimacy effect
- CBoomerang effect
- DSleeper effect
6.Social psychologyHard
Gaertner and Dovidio found that White participants helped Black and White victims equally when they were the only witness, but helped Black victims less when other bystanders were present. This supports the idea of:
- AAversive racism, shown when a non-racial excuse is available
- BOpen, old-fashioned racism that appears in every situation
- CA complete absence of prejudice among the participants
- DDiffusion of responsibility that affects all victims equally
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
A person spends hours daily worrying that a small mark on their nose is ugly, checks mirrors constantly, and others see nothing wrong. Which diagnosis fits?
- ABody dysmorphic disorder
- BIllness anxiety disorder
- CAnorexia nervosa
- DSocial anxiety disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Which statement about the placebo effect in antidepressant trials is most accurate?
- APlacebo response is so strong that antidepressants have never shown any benefit over it in trials
- BPlacebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
- CPlacebos work only in physical illnesses
- DPlacebo effects never occur in depression
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · State-dependent memory
Why this is the answer
State-dependent memory is better recall when one's internal physiological or emotional state at retrieval matches the state at encoding.
Answer
A · State-dependent memory
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · The main task has low perceptual load
Why this is the answer
When the main task uses little perceptual capacity, leftover capacity processes distractors involuntarily. High perceptual load uses up capacity and reduces distractor processing.
Answer
B · The main task has low perceptual load
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Insecure-avoidant
Why this is the answer
Avoidant infants show little visible distress at separation and avoid contact at reunion. Ainsworth linked this to caregivers who reject or ignore the infant's needs.
Answer
B · Insecure-avoidant
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Trying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
Why this is the answer
Infants respond with attempts to regain contact, then distress and withdrawal, showing that even young infants expect contingent social responses.
Answer
B · Trying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Sleeper effect
Why this is the answer
Hovland found that the discounting cue (an untrustworthy source) fades from memory faster than the message, so persuasion can increase over time.
Answer
D · Sleeper effect
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · Aversive racism, shown when a non-racial excuse is available
Why this is the answer
Aversive racism theory proposes that people who hold egalitarian views still show bias when their behaviour can be explained by other factors, such as others being present.
Answer
A · Aversive racism, shown when a non-racial excuse is available
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Body dysmorphic disorder
Why this is the answer
Body dysmorphic disorder is preoccupation with perceived flaws in appearance that are slight or not observable, with repetitive behaviours such as mirror checking or seeking reassurance.
Answer
A · Body dysmorphic disorder
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Placebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
Why this is the answer
Placebo response in depression trials is often 30–40%, so randomised placebo-controlled designs are needed to show the specific effect of a drug.
Answer
B · Placebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
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